Diplomacy & Defense Think Tank News

Dans de nombreuses régions (semi)arides, les femmes rurales sont au coeur des dynamiques liées à l’eau – et par conséquent très affectées par la pénurie. Celle-ci affecte leur quotidien, leurs activités agricoles, leurs initiatives économiques et leurs réseaux de solidarité qui dépendent directement de la disponibilité de la ressource. Ces femmes sont souvent à la fois plus vulnérables aux changements climatiques à cause d’un accès parfois difficile aux services publics, à la terre, à l’eau et aux institutions. En même temps, ces femmes jouent un rôle central pour le développement rural des oasis, notamment à travers leur savoir-faire, leurs initiatives et leur capacités d’adaptation.
Ce Policy Brief analyse les expériences des femmes dans les oasis du Sud-Est marocain. Il montre que le stress hydrique agit comme un facteur multidimensionnel qui redéfinit les tâches domestiques, les pratiques agricoles, les opportunités économiques et les formes de sociabilité des femmes, ainsi que leur contribution au développement. Il signale trois défis majeurs des femmes en zones rurales vulnérables : (a) un accès limité aux ressources (terre, crédit, infrastructures, éducation) ; (b) des formations inadaptées aux réalités rurales et aux besoins; et (c) des normes sociales freinant leur présence dans les espaces de décision. L’hétérogénéité des femmes rencontrées et de leurs besoins souligne le besoin d’approches ciblées et diverses.
L’exemple marocain montre également l’importance de considérer l’eau dans toutes ses dimensions : domestique, agricole, économique et institutionnelle. Ceci permettrait de mieux comprendre à la fois la vulnérabilité des femmes, et leur contribution au développement durable. Les enseignements tirés des oasis marocaines
offrent ainsi un repère pour d’autres pays (semi-) arides, en soulignant quatre leviers d’action pour les institutions marocaines et les politiques de développement :
1. Produire et diffuser des données genrées
• Collecter des informations désagrégées par sexe, âge, statut socio-économique et autres.
• Cartographier les vulnérabilités, les ressources et les compétences des femmes
• Assurer une meilleure circulation de ces données entre terrain et décideurs pour un soutien adapté.
2. Soutenir l’accès des femmes aux services publics, à la terre et aux crédits
• Promouvoir l’accès aux services de santé et d’éducation suivant les besoins spécifiques ainsi que l’accès aux crédits et à la terre
3. Soutenir les initiatives féminines
• Appuyer les initiatives collectives et individuelles par des formations adaptées, un accès au financement et à la valorisation, et la commercialisation des produits.
4. Accompagner le changement des normes sociales et la représentation institutionnelle
• Intégrer les dimensions culturelles et sociales dans les politiques et programmes de développement.
• Promouvoir une évolution des représentations sociales sur les rôles et capacités des femmes
• Valoriser la diversité des initiatives féminines et faciliter la participation des femmes dans les instances de gouvernance y compris de l’eau par des formations et sensibilisations.

Hind Ftouhi est chercheure senior à l’Institut National d’Aménagement et d’Urbanisme (INAU-Rabat).
Lisa Bossenbroek est chercheure senior au Centre de Recherche sur les Sociétés Contemporaines (CRESC-Rabat).
Amal Belghazi est doctorante à l’Université Hassan II, Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines et sociales Ain Chock, Casablanca.

Dans de nombreuses régions (semi)arides, les femmes rurales sont au coeur des dynamiques liées à l’eau – et par conséquent très affectées par la pénurie. Celle-ci affecte leur quotidien, leurs activités agricoles, leurs initiatives économiques et leurs réseaux de solidarité qui dépendent directement de la disponibilité de la ressource. Ces femmes sont souvent à la fois plus vulnérables aux changements climatiques à cause d’un accès parfois difficile aux services publics, à la terre, à l’eau et aux institutions. En même temps, ces femmes jouent un rôle central pour le développement rural des oasis, notamment à travers leur savoir-faire, leurs initiatives et leur capacités d’adaptation.
Ce Policy Brief analyse les expériences des femmes dans les oasis du Sud-Est marocain. Il montre que le stress hydrique agit comme un facteur multidimensionnel qui redéfinit les tâches domestiques, les pratiques agricoles, les opportunités économiques et les formes de sociabilité des femmes, ainsi que leur contribution au développement. Il signale trois défis majeurs des femmes en zones rurales vulnérables : (a) un accès limité aux ressources (terre, crédit, infrastructures, éducation) ; (b) des formations inadaptées aux réalités rurales et aux besoins; et (c) des normes sociales freinant leur présence dans les espaces de décision. L’hétérogénéité des femmes rencontrées et de leurs besoins souligne le besoin d’approches ciblées et diverses.
L’exemple marocain montre également l’importance de considérer l’eau dans toutes ses dimensions : domestique, agricole, économique et institutionnelle. Ceci permettrait de mieux comprendre à la fois la vulnérabilité des femmes, et leur contribution au développement durable. Les enseignements tirés des oasis marocaines
offrent ainsi un repère pour d’autres pays (semi-) arides, en soulignant quatre leviers d’action pour les institutions marocaines et les politiques de développement :
1. Produire et diffuser des données genrées
• Collecter des informations désagrégées par sexe, âge, statut socio-économique et autres.
• Cartographier les vulnérabilités, les ressources et les compétences des femmes
• Assurer une meilleure circulation de ces données entre terrain et décideurs pour un soutien adapté.
2. Soutenir l’accès des femmes aux services publics, à la terre et aux crédits
• Promouvoir l’accès aux services de santé et d’éducation suivant les besoins spécifiques ainsi que l’accès aux crédits et à la terre
3. Soutenir les initiatives féminines
• Appuyer les initiatives collectives et individuelles par des formations adaptées, un accès au financement et à la valorisation, et la commercialisation des produits.
4. Accompagner le changement des normes sociales et la représentation institutionnelle
• Intégrer les dimensions culturelles et sociales dans les politiques et programmes de développement.
• Promouvoir une évolution des représentations sociales sur les rôles et capacités des femmes
• Valoriser la diversité des initiatives féminines et faciliter la participation des femmes dans les instances de gouvernance y compris de l’eau par des formations et sensibilisations.

Hind Ftouhi est chercheure senior à l’Institut National d’Aménagement et d’Urbanisme (INAU-Rabat).
Lisa Bossenbroek est chercheure senior au Centre de Recherche sur les Sociétés Contemporaines (CRESC-Rabat).
Amal Belghazi est doctorante à l’Université Hassan II, Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines et sociales Ain Chock, Casablanca.

Dans de nombreuses régions (semi)arides, les femmes rurales sont au coeur des dynamiques liées à l’eau – et par conséquent très affectées par la pénurie. Celle-ci affecte leur quotidien, leurs activités agricoles, leurs initiatives économiques et leurs réseaux de solidarité qui dépendent directement de la disponibilité de la ressource. Ces femmes sont souvent à la fois plus vulnérables aux changements climatiques à cause d’un accès parfois difficile aux services publics, à la terre, à l’eau et aux institutions. En même temps, ces femmes jouent un rôle central pour le développement rural des oasis, notamment à travers leur savoir-faire, leurs initiatives et leur capacités d’adaptation.
Ce Policy Brief analyse les expériences des femmes dans les oasis du Sud-Est marocain. Il montre que le stress hydrique agit comme un facteur multidimensionnel qui redéfinit les tâches domestiques, les pratiques agricoles, les opportunités économiques et les formes de sociabilité des femmes, ainsi que leur contribution au développement. Il signale trois défis majeurs des femmes en zones rurales vulnérables : (a) un accès limité aux ressources (terre, crédit, infrastructures, éducation) ; (b) des formations inadaptées aux réalités rurales et aux besoins; et (c) des normes sociales freinant leur présence dans les espaces de décision. L’hétérogénéité des femmes rencontrées et de leurs besoins souligne le besoin d’approches ciblées et diverses.
L’exemple marocain montre également l’importance de considérer l’eau dans toutes ses dimensions : domestique, agricole, économique et institutionnelle. Ceci permettrait de mieux comprendre à la fois la vulnérabilité des femmes, et leur contribution au développement durable. Les enseignements tirés des oasis marocaines
offrent ainsi un repère pour d’autres pays (semi-) arides, en soulignant quatre leviers d’action pour les institutions marocaines et les politiques de développement :
1. Produire et diffuser des données genrées
• Collecter des informations désagrégées par sexe, âge, statut socio-économique et autres.
• Cartographier les vulnérabilités, les ressources et les compétences des femmes
• Assurer une meilleure circulation de ces données entre terrain et décideurs pour un soutien adapté.
2. Soutenir l’accès des femmes aux services publics, à la terre et aux crédits
• Promouvoir l’accès aux services de santé et d’éducation suivant les besoins spécifiques ainsi que l’accès aux crédits et à la terre
3. Soutenir les initiatives féminines
• Appuyer les initiatives collectives et individuelles par des formations adaptées, un accès au financement et à la valorisation, et la commercialisation des produits.
4. Accompagner le changement des normes sociales et la représentation institutionnelle
• Intégrer les dimensions culturelles et sociales dans les politiques et programmes de développement.
• Promouvoir une évolution des représentations sociales sur les rôles et capacités des femmes
• Valoriser la diversité des initiatives féminines et faciliter la participation des femmes dans les instances de gouvernance y compris de l’eau par des formations et sensibilisations.

Hind Ftouhi est chercheure senior à l’Institut National d’Aménagement et d’Urbanisme (INAU-Rabat).
Lisa Bossenbroek est chercheure senior au Centre de Recherche sur les Sociétés Contemporaines (CRESC-Rabat).
Amal Belghazi est doctorante à l’Université Hassan II, Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines et sociales Ain Chock, Casablanca.

• Polarization as an impact of crises and its connection to radicalization leading to violent extremism through the study of two crises: a) the migration/refugee crisis of 2015-2016 and b) the pandemic.
• An important part of the problem is the political mainstreaming of extremist narratives, that is, the choice of politicians to increasingly exploit far-right and conspiratorial narratives that have been supported by segments of the population in recent years.
• Polarization is an issue that concerns groups of individuals and not lone actors
• the risk of conflict is magnified when society is divided into two equal groups with competing goals”
• Multiple crises are more dangerous, as on the one hand they exert greater pressure on the management mechanisms of states and on the other hand they expand the vulnerability of societies, groups and individuals.
• A broad sense of democratic deficit and two successive processes of questioning have been created that lead to a crisis: a) of trust and b) of representation.
• Prolonged polarization has led to the radicalization of a large number of citizens, without necessarily resulting from the support of a specific ideology
• Disinformation, the spread of fake news and the dissemination of conspiracy theories constitute a threat to democracy and have caused significant problems in electoral processes and fuel polarization.
• The pandemic acted as a catalyst and influenced radicalization, but also the way extremist groups operate.

Read here in pdf the Policy paper by Triantafyllos Karatrantos, ELIAMEP Research Associate (in Greek).

In many arid and semi-arid regions, rural women are at the heart of water-related dynamics – and therefore greatly affected by its scarcity. This scarcity affects their daily lives, farming activities, economic initiatives and solidarity networks, which are directly dependent on the availability of this resource. These women are often more vulnerable to climate change because of the difficulties they sometimes experience in accessing public services, land, water and institutions. At the same time, they play a central role in the rural development of the oases, in particular through their know-how, initiatives and ability to adapt. This policy brief analyses the experiences of women in the oases of south-eastern Morocco. It shows that water stress acts as a multidimensional factor which redefines women’s domestic tasks, agricultural practices, economic opportunities and forms of sociability, as well as their contribution to development. It highlights three major challenges facing women in vulnerable rural areas: (a) limited access to resources (land, credit, infrastructure and education); (b) training that is often ill-suited to rural realities and their needs; and (c) social norms that restrict their participation in decision-making bodies and spaces. The heterogeneity of the women encountered and of their needs underlines the necessity for targeted and diverse approaches. The example of Moroccan oases also shows the importance of considering water in all its dimensions: domestic, agricultural, economic and institutional. This would provide a better understanding of both women’s vulnerabilities and their contributions to sustainable development. The lessons learnt from the Moroccan oases provide a benchmark for other arid countries, highlighting four action areas for Moroccan institutions and development policies:
1. Produce and disseminate gendered data
• Collect information disaggregated by gender, age, socio-economic status and other factors.
• Map women’s vulnerabilities, resources and skills.
• Ensure better circulation of these data between the field and decision-makers to provide appropriate support.
2. Support women’s access to public services, land and credit
• Promote access to health and education services according to specific needs, as well as access to credit and land.
3. Support women’s initiatives
• Support collective and individual initiatives through appropriate training, access to finance, and product development and marketing.
4. Support changes in social norms and institutional representation
• Integrate the cultural and social dimensions into development policies and programmes.
• Promote changes in the social representations of women’s roles and abilities.
• Promote the diversity of women’s initiatives and facilitate the participation of women in governance institutions, including water governance, through training and awareness-raising.

Hind Ftouhi is a senior researcher at the Institut National d’Aménagement et d'Urbanisme (INAU-Rabat).
Lisa Bossenbroek is a senior researcher at the Centre de Recherche sur les Sociétés Contemporaines (CRESC-Rabat).
Amal Belghazi is a doctoral student at l’Université Hassan II, Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines et sociales Ain Chock in Casablanca.

In many arid and semi-arid regions, rural women are at the heart of water-related dynamics – and therefore greatly affected by its scarcity. This scarcity affects their daily lives, farming activities, economic initiatives and solidarity networks, which are directly dependent on the availability of this resource. These women are often more vulnerable to climate change because of the difficulties they sometimes experience in accessing public services, land, water and institutions. At the same time, they play a central role in the rural development of the oases, in particular through their know-how, initiatives and ability to adapt. This policy brief analyses the experiences of women in the oases of south-eastern Morocco. It shows that water stress acts as a multidimensional factor which redefines women’s domestic tasks, agricultural practices, economic opportunities and forms of sociability, as well as their contribution to development. It highlights three major challenges facing women in vulnerable rural areas: (a) limited access to resources (land, credit, infrastructure and education); (b) training that is often ill-suited to rural realities and their needs; and (c) social norms that restrict their participation in decision-making bodies and spaces. The heterogeneity of the women encountered and of their needs underlines the necessity for targeted and diverse approaches. The example of Moroccan oases also shows the importance of considering water in all its dimensions: domestic, agricultural, economic and institutional. This would provide a better understanding of both women’s vulnerabilities and their contributions to sustainable development. The lessons learnt from the Moroccan oases provide a benchmark for other arid countries, highlighting four action areas for Moroccan institutions and development policies:
1. Produce and disseminate gendered data
• Collect information disaggregated by gender, age, socio-economic status and other factors.
• Map women’s vulnerabilities, resources and skills.
• Ensure better circulation of these data between the field and decision-makers to provide appropriate support.
2. Support women’s access to public services, land and credit
• Promote access to health and education services according to specific needs, as well as access to credit and land.
3. Support women’s initiatives
• Support collective and individual initiatives through appropriate training, access to finance, and product development and marketing.
4. Support changes in social norms and institutional representation
• Integrate the cultural and social dimensions into development policies and programmes.
• Promote changes in the social representations of women’s roles and abilities.
• Promote the diversity of women’s initiatives and facilitate the participation of women in governance institutions, including water governance, through training and awareness-raising.

Hind Ftouhi is a senior researcher at the Institut National d’Aménagement et d'Urbanisme (INAU-Rabat).
Lisa Bossenbroek is a senior researcher at the Centre de Recherche sur les Sociétés Contemporaines (CRESC-Rabat).
Amal Belghazi is a doctoral student at l’Université Hassan II, Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines et sociales Ain Chock in Casablanca.

In many arid and semi-arid regions, rural women are at the heart of water-related dynamics – and therefore greatly affected by its scarcity. This scarcity affects their daily lives, farming activities, economic initiatives and solidarity networks, which are directly dependent on the availability of this resource. These women are often more vulnerable to climate change because of the difficulties they sometimes experience in accessing public services, land, water and institutions. At the same time, they play a central role in the rural development of the oases, in particular through their know-how, initiatives and ability to adapt. This policy brief analyses the experiences of women in the oases of south-eastern Morocco. It shows that water stress acts as a multidimensional factor which redefines women’s domestic tasks, agricultural practices, economic opportunities and forms of sociability, as well as their contribution to development. It highlights three major challenges facing women in vulnerable rural areas: (a) limited access to resources (land, credit, infrastructure and education); (b) training that is often ill-suited to rural realities and their needs; and (c) social norms that restrict their participation in decision-making bodies and spaces. The heterogeneity of the women encountered and of their needs underlines the necessity for targeted and diverse approaches. The example of Moroccan oases also shows the importance of considering water in all its dimensions: domestic, agricultural, economic and institutional. This would provide a better understanding of both women’s vulnerabilities and their contributions to sustainable development. The lessons learnt from the Moroccan oases provide a benchmark for other arid countries, highlighting four action areas for Moroccan institutions and development policies:
1. Produce and disseminate gendered data
• Collect information disaggregated by gender, age, socio-economic status and other factors.
• Map women’s vulnerabilities, resources and skills.
• Ensure better circulation of these data between the field and decision-makers to provide appropriate support.
2. Support women’s access to public services, land and credit
• Promote access to health and education services according to specific needs, as well as access to credit and land.
3. Support women’s initiatives
• Support collective and individual initiatives through appropriate training, access to finance, and product development and marketing.
4. Support changes in social norms and institutional representation
• Integrate the cultural and social dimensions into development policies and programmes.
• Promote changes in the social representations of women’s roles and abilities.
• Promote the diversity of women’s initiatives and facilitate the participation of women in governance institutions, including water governance, through training and awareness-raising.

Hind Ftouhi is a senior researcher at the Institut National d’Aménagement et d'Urbanisme (INAU-Rabat).
Lisa Bossenbroek is a senior researcher at the Centre de Recherche sur les Sociétés Contemporaines (CRESC-Rabat).
Amal Belghazi is a doctoral student at l’Université Hassan II, Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines et sociales Ain Chock in Casablanca.

Die am DIW Berlin angesiedelte forschungsbasierte Infrastruktureinrichtung Sozio-oekonomische Panel (SOEP) ist eine der größten und am längsten laufenden multidisziplinären Panelstudien weltweit, für die derzeit jährlich etwa 30.000 Menschen in knapp 15.000 Haushalten befragt werden. Das SOEP hat den Anspruch den gesellschaftlichen Wandel zu erfassen und steht somit immer neuen und vielfältigen Themen- und Aufgabenfelder gegenüber. Seine Datenerhebung und -generierung folgt dem Konzept des Survey bzw. Data Life Cycle.

Die ausgeschriebene Stelle ist Teil des Projekts „RDCnet“. Ziel des RDCnet ist es, den Zugang zu sensiblen Forschungsdaten für Wissenschaftler*innen zu erleichtern und so datengetriebene Forschung nachhaltig zu fördern. Das Projekt ist in das tragende Konsortium KonsortSWD eingebettet, das als Teil der NFDI die Infrastruktur für Sozial-, Verhaltens-, Bildungs- und Wirtschaftsdaten in Deutschland weiterentwickelt. Im Sinne der FAIR-Prinzipien arbeitet KonsortSWD unter anderem daran, die Forschungsdatenlandschaft zu verbessern und den Austausch von Daten über Disziplinen und Institutionen hinweg zu stärken.

Zum nächstmöglichen Zeitpunkt suchen wir eine*n

Softwareentwickler*in (Full-Stack) (w/m/div) (Vollzeit/Teilzeit)

Das Konjunkturbarometer des Deutschen Instituts für Wirtschaftsforschung (DIW Berlin) hat sich im November leicht erholt und steht bei 92,9 Punkten. Im Oktober war der vorherige Aufwärtstrend noch durch ein Absacken auf 91,1 Punkte unterbrochen worden. Der Wert rückt somit wieder etwas näher an die ...

DIW-Studie wertet auf Basis des Mikrozensus 2022 die Erwerbstätigkeit älterer Menschen in Deutschland aus – Jeder 15. im Alter von 66 oder älter ist noch erwerbstätig – Gesundheit und Ausbildung beeinflussen Erwerbsbeteiligung älterer Menschen entscheidend Nach Erreichen der Regelaltersgrenze sind ...

Die Afrikanische Union und die Europäische Union treffen sich in Luanda zu ihrem 7. gemeinsamen Gipfel. Staats- und Regierungschefs, Wirtschaftsvertreter sowie zivilgesellschaftliche Akteure beider Kontinente sind präsent. Deutschland ist durch den Bundeskanzler vertreten. Im Mittelpunkt der Gipfelgespräche stehen Themen wie wirtschaftliche Kooperation, Handel und kritische Rohstoffe, digitale Innovation, Frieden und Sicherheit sowie Migration und Mobilität und Reformen multilateraler Institutionen. Damit der Gipfel ein Erfolg wird, muss er mehr liefern als nur wohlklingende Erklärungen zum gegenseitigen Nutzen der Partnerschaft. Was es braucht, ist ein Fokus auf konkrete Maßnahmen, die von beiden Seiten gemeinsam entwickelt und umgesetzt werden. Nur so kann die Asymmetrie in den Beziehungen schrittweise überwunden und die Partnerschaft an die Anforderungen einer sich rapide ändernden Welt angepasst werden. 

Die Afrikanische Union und die Europäische Union treffen sich in Luanda zu ihrem 7. gemeinsamen Gipfel. Staats- und Regierungschefs, Wirtschaftsvertreter sowie zivilgesellschaftliche Akteure beider Kontinente sind präsent. Deutschland ist durch den Bundeskanzler vertreten. Im Mittelpunkt der Gipfelgespräche stehen Themen wie wirtschaftliche Kooperation, Handel und kritische Rohstoffe, digitale Innovation, Frieden und Sicherheit sowie Migration und Mobilität und Reformen multilateraler Institutionen. Damit der Gipfel ein Erfolg wird, muss er mehr liefern als nur wohlklingende Erklärungen zum gegenseitigen Nutzen der Partnerschaft. Was es braucht, ist ein Fokus auf konkrete Maßnahmen, die von beiden Seiten gemeinsam entwickelt und umgesetzt werden. Nur so kann die Asymmetrie in den Beziehungen schrittweise überwunden und die Partnerschaft an die Anforderungen einer sich rapide ändernden Welt angepasst werden. 

Die Afrikanische Union und die Europäische Union treffen sich in Luanda zu ihrem 7. gemeinsamen Gipfel. Staats- und Regierungschefs, Wirtschaftsvertreter sowie zivilgesellschaftliche Akteure beider Kontinente sind präsent. Deutschland ist durch den Bundeskanzler vertreten. Im Mittelpunkt der Gipfelgespräche stehen Themen wie wirtschaftliche Kooperation, Handel und kritische Rohstoffe, digitale Innovation, Frieden und Sicherheit sowie Migration und Mobilität und Reformen multilateraler Institutionen. Damit der Gipfel ein Erfolg wird, muss er mehr liefern als nur wohlklingende Erklärungen zum gegenseitigen Nutzen der Partnerschaft. Was es braucht, ist ein Fokus auf konkrete Maßnahmen, die von beiden Seiten gemeinsam entwickelt und umgesetzt werden. Nur so kann die Asymmetrie in den Beziehungen schrittweise überwunden und die Partnerschaft an die Anforderungen einer sich rapide ändernden Welt angepasst werden. 

Over the past decade, cooperative climate action has become a central feature of global climate governance. Thousands of businesses, subnational governments, civil society organizations, and international partnerships have mobilized to complement and support multilateral and state-led efforts. Using insights from the CoAct Database (formerly N-CID), and data from a sample of 387 initiatives, this chapter takes stock of developments since 2013 and looks ahead to how cooperative action can contribute to the implementation of the Paris Agreement, particularly addressing priorities arising from the Global Stocktake (GST). Our analysis yields five headline findings. 1. Rapid expansion, but uneven focus. CCIs have multiplied since 2015 and increasingly address adaptation, yet mitigation continues to dominate. While themes such as energy, land use, and industry remain strong, adaptation-related themes, e.g., particularly water, oceans, and resilience, remain underrepresented. 2. Effectiveness is improving, but equity gaps persist. Many CCIs now deliver more tangible outputs and report more systematically, yet overall output effectiveness has plateaued since 2018. Smaller and less-resourced initiatives often lag behind due to capacity constraints, while limited accountability mechanisms—such as monitoring, transparent governance, and membership control—continue to hinder performance. 3. Participation has broadened, but inclusivity remains limited. Participation of actors in CCIs has expanded, but leadership and decision-making remain concentrated among Northern and institutional actors. Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IPLCs) are largely absent from governance structures, while engagement of businesses, investors, and local civil society has stagnated in recent years. 4. Stronger alignment with global priorities is needed. Future orchestration should strengthen coherence between CCIs and priorities in the implementation of the Paris Agreement, for instance those emerging from the Global Stocktake (GST). Integrating adaptation, nature, and resilience more effectively—and fostering synergies across thematic axes such as energy–nature, food–energy, and cities–ecosystems—can enhance the systemic impact of cooperative climate action. 5. The next five years are critical. To sustain momentum and credibility, CCIs and orchestrators, such as the High-Level Climate Champions, COP presidencies and the UNFCCC secretariat, must focus on inclusion, capacity, and accountability—especially in underrepresented regions. Expanding implementation and participation in low- and middle-income countries will improve both effectiveness and procedural justice. Deliberate orchestration by COP Presidencies, policymakers, and leading CCIs can ensure that cooperative climate action evolves toward greater balance, legitimacy, and transformative impact. While cooperative climate action has expanded and matured over the past decade, its transformative potential remains only partly realized, calling for deeper structural and systemic change. As the world moves on to implement the Paris Agreement, cooperative initiatives should help accelerate ambition, bridge gaps in implementation, and foster more equitable and effective global climate action.

Over the past decade, cooperative climate action has become a central feature of global climate governance. Thousands of businesses, subnational governments, civil society organizations, and international partnerships have mobilized to complement and support multilateral and state-led efforts. Using insights from the CoAct Database (formerly N-CID), and data from a sample of 387 initiatives, this chapter takes stock of developments since 2013 and looks ahead to how cooperative action can contribute to the implementation of the Paris Agreement, particularly addressing priorities arising from the Global Stocktake (GST). Our analysis yields five headline findings. 1. Rapid expansion, but uneven focus. CCIs have multiplied since 2015 and increasingly address adaptation, yet mitigation continues to dominate. While themes such as energy, land use, and industry remain strong, adaptation-related themes, e.g., particularly water, oceans, and resilience, remain underrepresented. 2. Effectiveness is improving, but equity gaps persist. Many CCIs now deliver more tangible outputs and report more systematically, yet overall output effectiveness has plateaued since 2018. Smaller and less-resourced initiatives often lag behind due to capacity constraints, while limited accountability mechanisms—such as monitoring, transparent governance, and membership control—continue to hinder performance. 3. Participation has broadened, but inclusivity remains limited. Participation of actors in CCIs has expanded, but leadership and decision-making remain concentrated among Northern and institutional actors. Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IPLCs) are largely absent from governance structures, while engagement of businesses, investors, and local civil society has stagnated in recent years. 4. Stronger alignment with global priorities is needed. Future orchestration should strengthen coherence between CCIs and priorities in the implementation of the Paris Agreement, for instance those emerging from the Global Stocktake (GST). Integrating adaptation, nature, and resilience more effectively—and fostering synergies across thematic axes such as energy–nature, food–energy, and cities–ecosystems—can enhance the systemic impact of cooperative climate action. 5. The next five years are critical. To sustain momentum and credibility, CCIs and orchestrators, such as the High-Level Climate Champions, COP presidencies and the UNFCCC secretariat, must focus on inclusion, capacity, and accountability—especially in underrepresented regions. Expanding implementation and participation in low- and middle-income countries will improve both effectiveness and procedural justice. Deliberate orchestration by COP Presidencies, policymakers, and leading CCIs can ensure that cooperative climate action evolves toward greater balance, legitimacy, and transformative impact. While cooperative climate action has expanded and matured over the past decade, its transformative potential remains only partly realized, calling for deeper structural and systemic change. As the world moves on to implement the Paris Agreement, cooperative initiatives should help accelerate ambition, bridge gaps in implementation, and foster more equitable and effective global climate action.

Over the past decade, cooperative climate action has become a central feature of global climate governance. Thousands of businesses, subnational governments, civil society organizations, and international partnerships have mobilized to complement and support multilateral and state-led efforts. Using insights from the CoAct Database (formerly N-CID), and data from a sample of 387 initiatives, this chapter takes stock of developments since 2013 and looks ahead to how cooperative action can contribute to the implementation of the Paris Agreement, particularly addressing priorities arising from the Global Stocktake (GST). Our analysis yields five headline findings. 1. Rapid expansion, but uneven focus. CCIs have multiplied since 2015 and increasingly address adaptation, yet mitigation continues to dominate. While themes such as energy, land use, and industry remain strong, adaptation-related themes, e.g., particularly water, oceans, and resilience, remain underrepresented. 2. Effectiveness is improving, but equity gaps persist. Many CCIs now deliver more tangible outputs and report more systematically, yet overall output effectiveness has plateaued since 2018. Smaller and less-resourced initiatives often lag behind due to capacity constraints, while limited accountability mechanisms—such as monitoring, transparent governance, and membership control—continue to hinder performance. 3. Participation has broadened, but inclusivity remains limited. Participation of actors in CCIs has expanded, but leadership and decision-making remain concentrated among Northern and institutional actors. Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IPLCs) are largely absent from governance structures, while engagement of businesses, investors, and local civil society has stagnated in recent years. 4. Stronger alignment with global priorities is needed. Future orchestration should strengthen coherence between CCIs and priorities in the implementation of the Paris Agreement, for instance those emerging from the Global Stocktake (GST). Integrating adaptation, nature, and resilience more effectively—and fostering synergies across thematic axes such as energy–nature, food–energy, and cities–ecosystems—can enhance the systemic impact of cooperative climate action. 5. The next five years are critical. To sustain momentum and credibility, CCIs and orchestrators, such as the High-Level Climate Champions, COP presidencies and the UNFCCC secretariat, must focus on inclusion, capacity, and accountability—especially in underrepresented regions. Expanding implementation and participation in low- and middle-income countries will improve both effectiveness and procedural justice. Deliberate orchestration by COP Presidencies, policymakers, and leading CCIs can ensure that cooperative climate action evolves toward greater balance, legitimacy, and transformative impact. While cooperative climate action has expanded and matured over the past decade, its transformative potential remains only partly realized, calling for deeper structural and systemic change. As the world moves on to implement the Paris Agreement, cooperative initiatives should help accelerate ambition, bridge gaps in implementation, and foster more equitable and effective global climate action.

Climate and biodiversity are inseparable, yet global action to address them remains divided. As countries and non-state actors ramp up pledges, analysis and monitoring often lack one essential ingredient: knowing where implementation actually happens. Without spatial data, we cannot see progress, verify impact, or ensure fair outcomes. This commentary, addressing policymakers at UNFCCC COP30 and beyond, urges that climate and biodiversity tracking be rooted in place.

Climate and biodiversity are inseparable, yet global action to address them remains divided. As countries and non-state actors ramp up pledges, analysis and monitoring often lack one essential ingredient: knowing where implementation actually happens. Without spatial data, we cannot see progress, verify impact, or ensure fair outcomes. This commentary, addressing policymakers at UNFCCC COP30 and beyond, urges that climate and biodiversity tracking be rooted in place.

Climate and biodiversity are inseparable, yet global action to address them remains divided. As countries and non-state actors ramp up pledges, analysis and monitoring often lack one essential ingredient: knowing where implementation actually happens. Without spatial data, we cannot see progress, verify impact, or ensure fair outcomes. This commentary, addressing policymakers at UNFCCC COP30 and beyond, urges that climate and biodiversity tracking be rooted in place.

George Dikaios, Senior Research Fellow, ELIAMEP

The Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change has concluded without impressive results. What seems to be confirmed is that the international community understands the need to combat climate change, as an agreement was reached at the last minute. However, neither the required progress (on what was already agreed upon since 2015) was observed, nor the political will to breathe new life into the implementation of existing policies (which would lead to achieving the goal of maintaining the Earth’s average temperature at 1.5 degrees Celsius). The current political situation is challenging, and the results of COP30 were easy to agree on: a promise to increase funding for adaptation to climate change, the creation of a just transition mechanism, and the recognition of indigenous rights. Once again, there was no agreement on the process of transitioning to climate neutrality (and thus reducing the use of fossil fuels), nor on other critical issues, such as deforestation (which was expected as COP30 took place in Brazil). Even worse, there seems to have been an informal agreement to leave the burden of active climate action to “coalitions of the willing” operating outside the United Nations framework, as the latter seems to be a victim of the current trend of drifting away from multilateral cooperation.

Emmanuella Doussis, Professor, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Head of the Climate and Sustainability Programme and Senior Policy Advisor, ELIAMEP

Every year, as the annual COP meeting on Climate Change is drawing to a close, a major debate starts up on how effectively the system of international cooperation is tackling climate change. This is because greenhouse gas emissions are still rising, despite the promises and ambitious plans to switch to clean energy and reduce these harmful emissions. At the same time, the current geopolitical stand-offs continue to pose unprecedented challenges for multilateral cooperation.  This year’s conference in Belém, on the Amazon, concluded without major decisions being made on the implementation of the Paris Agreement and, in particular, on a phase-out roadmap for fossil fuels. Instead, the main outcomes of COP30 were a voluntary fossil fuel reduction plan, a new target to triple climate change adaptation financing, and a mechanism for a just transition.  It is clear that the annual global climate conference cannot provide both meaningful and all the solutions to climate change, especially given the absence of a willingness to self-limit on the part of the major polluters. Substantial agreements are not possible (or even realistic) when there are 200 countries around the negotiating table, each at their own level of development and with their own priorities, interests and levels of harmful emissions. But COP can serve as a guide to what the international community is collectively willing to do to prevent further global warming, and indicate what needs to be done to achieve this goal.

Othon Kaminiaris, Research Fellow, ELIAMEP

COP30 concluded after two weeks of difficult negotiations, resulting in the adoption of 29 decisions, the “Belém Package.” This package includes several substantive steps toward implementation: the establishment of a just transition mechanism, the commitment to triple adaptation finance by 2035, and the completion of 59 voluntary indicators to track progress under the Global Goal on Adaptation. In addition, and though outside the formal decisions, the conference advanced, under Brazil’s initiative, the FINI (Fostering Investible National Implementation) mechanism for financing mature adaptation projects, as well as the Tropical Forests Forever Facility, which mobilized USD 6.7 billion for the protection of tropical forests.

However, the central political deadlock remained: no reference to phasing out fossil fuels was included in the official decisions, despite pressure from at least 80 countries. Thus, while adaptation, finance, and just transition were strengthened, no path was agreed on for decreasing global emissions in the coming years. As a counterweight, Colombia and the Netherlands announced that they will co-host, outside the UNFCCC framework, the First International Conference on the Just Transition Away from Fossil Fuels in April 2026, an initiative that may give an impetus to the COP process itself.

Looking ahead to COP31 in Turkey at the end of 2026, two issues, thus, remain unresolved:
a new collective climate finance goal (NCQG) that also covers mitigation, and the need for a shared approach to emission reductions in a decade requiring rapid and decisive acceleration.

Cheryl Novak, Research Associate, ELIAMEP

COP30 fell short of its central mandate, which is to accelerate collective action to keep global warming to 1.5°C and to establish a credible pathway for the phase-out of fossil fuels. The summit made progress on areas such as adaptation finance, Indigenous-led protection, and nature-based solutions, including the announcement of prominent initiatives like the Tropical Forests Forever Facility. Yet COP30 ultimately underscored the challenges of consensus-based multilateralism in a global environment characterized by divergent interests. UN Climate Chief Simon Stiell underscored COP30’s issues in his closing remarks, stating, “denial, division and geopolitics has dealt international cooperation some heavy blows this year.”

In response to the lack of progress on COP30’s core mission, its President, André Corrêa do Lago, announced plans to develop two “roadmaps” outside the formal negotiating process: one to halt and reverse deforestation, and another to support a just and orderly transition away from fossil fuels. Whether these parallel tracks can help unlock progress at COP31, or signal the beginning of a deeper schism between fossil-fuel-dependent states and more ambitious parties remains uncertain. Frustration over COPs opaque decision-making process and state accountability remains, as consensus rules mean countries’ positions on key provisions are undisclosed. Moreover, as in previous conferences, observers highlighted the significant presence of fossil-fuel-aligned interest groups seeking to shape outcomes. Participation by Indigenous, youth, and feminist organizations reached record levels, yet Indigenous representatives argued that their involvement remains largely symbolic and some staged blockades calling for stronger protections.

For countries in the Mediterranean, these shortcomings have direct implications. Under current policies, global warming projects now stand at 2.5–3.5°C, and Med region is warming 20% faster than the global average. This heightens existing pressures on water systems, agriculture, and food security. In this context, global agreements matter, but local action will be decisive for the future of the people of the region. Greece and its neighbors will need to accelerate renewable energy deployment, strengthen water and food systems resilience, and integrate climate risk across all planning processes. Regardless of multilateral setbacks, prioritizing climate security and system resilience should remain central to Greece’s national strategy.