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Les autorités de réglementation des médicaments d'au moins cinq pays africains ont retiré du marché des lots du sirop contre la toux Benylin Paediatric.

By Yasmine Sherif
NEW YORK, Apr 15 2024 (IPS-Partners)

The conflict in Sudan is one of the worst in the world today, and millions of children and adolescents bear the brunt within and across the border from Sudan.

As we mark the one-year anniversary of this vicious conflict, we call on world leaders to ensure that all girls and boys impacted by the conflict can access life-saving quality education. Their hope and future hinge on this.

Sudan experiences a humanitarian crisis of epic proportions. Without urgent international action, this catastrophe could engulf the entire country and have even more devastating impacts on neighboring countries, as refugees flee across borders into neighboring states.

The brutal conflict continues to take innocent lives, with over 14,000 children, women and men reportedly killed already. According to the United Nations, half of Sudan’s population – 25 million people, including 14 million children – urgently need humanitarian assistance. An estimated 5 million people are one step away from famine.

Sudan also has the outside Sudan since 15 April 2023, including 4 million children.

Most schools are shuttered or are struggling to re-open across the country, leaving nearly 19 million school-aged children at risk of losing out on their education. To put this in perspective, that’s more children at risk than the total populations of Finland, Ireland and Norway combined.

As the global fund for education in emergencies and protracted crises hosted within the United Nations, Education Cannot Wait (ECW) and our global strategic partners have responded with speed, agility and coordination to provide girls and boys impacted by this complex conflict with the safety, hope and opportunity of a quality education.

ECW has provided US$10 million to date in response to the largest forced displacement crisis in the world today. Over 8 million people have been displaced inside and regional refugee education needs, with First Emergency Response grants announced in the Central African Republic, Chad, Egypt, Ethiopia and South Sudan. In Sudan, we have provided US$28 million in funding, including a US$5 million grant announced in August 2023 that will reach over 86,000 girls and boys with access to an inclusive, quality education.

Yet, these investments are simply not enough. We must step up global funding for education in all the world’s forgotten crises, in places like Sudan, Central African Republic, Chad, the Sahel, South Sudan and so many more. In all, over 224 million girls and boys are having their futures ripped from their hands by armed conflict, forced displacement, climate change and other protracted crises around the globe.

This not only threatens global security and efforts to deliver on the Sustainable Development Goals, but it is also an affront to their humanity. Without safe places to learn and grow, girls face a number of grave risks, including child marriage, sexual violence, human trafficking and forced labor. Boys find themselves against impossible odds and risk forced recruitment as child soldiers, forced labor and other assaults on their human rights. It’s an impossible un-ending cycle of violence, displacement, poverty, hunger, chaos and uncertainty.

With school feeding programmes, they have nutritious meals. With gender-inclusive classrooms, they have safe places to learn. With mental health and psychosocial support, they find a way to regain their dignity and build strong, resilient communities. It’s a systems-wide approach that puts children first in our investments in sustainable development and puts humanity first in our global efforts to end war and build a better future for generations to come.

As we build on calls from today’s International Humanitarian Conference for Sudan and its Neighbours, the African Year of Education, and other important efforts to deliver on the Sustainable Development Goals, we appeal to public donors, the private sector and philanthropic foundations to urgently mobilize US$600 million in renewed support for ECW’s 2023-2026 Strategic Plan. With a total of US$1.5 billion, we can reach 20 million children and adolescents.

In South Sudan, education is an opportunity to “change my life” for Living Sunday, a young teenage mother who resumed her education against all odds. In Ethiopia, where prolonged drought made worse by climate change has disrupted education for an entire generation, it means Nakurchel, 12, is attending school for the first time in her life. In her own words: “Education has given me wings to fly.” Still more needs to be done, in sub-Saharan Africa, only 1 out of 9 children can read a simple text.

Sudan cannot wait. Africa cannot wait. The rest of the world needs to be unapologetically impatient in heeding their calls.

 

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Excerpt:

ECW Executive Director Yasmine Sherif Statement on the One-Year Anniversary of Hostilities in Sudan

The annual World Bank-IMF Spring meetings will take place April 17-19 in Washington DC.

By Jaime Atienza
WASHINGTON DC, Apr 15 2024 (IPS)

As leaders gather for the Spring Meetings of the IMF and World Bank amid the cherry blossom trees of Washington, DC, there is some good news to celebrate.

After three years of difficult negotiations within the G20 Common Framework on Debt, with the support of the IMF, Zambia has finally secured serious debt relief and restructuring with both government and private creditors, which will help enable vital and urgent investments in health, education, and social protection.

For too long, Zambia’s plans for ending AIDS as a public health threat by 2030, and for realising crucial development needs, have been held back by constraints in investment caused by the debt crisis. The debt relief and restructuring that has been agreed at last gives the country a fighting chance. All those who have facilitated this agreement have saved and transformed lives.

The leaders gathering in Washington DC, including G20 Finance Ministers and international financial officials, can and should do much more, however. They can secure a much greater legacy than helping one country begin to untie itself from debt distress whilst leaving many other countries choking.

The agreement with Zambia has shown that the debt crisis is not fate but is a man-made situation which people can unmake. But so far, Zambia has been the only country which has benefitted from the new debt framework.

Slow and opaque international negotiations have not resolved the crisis that is leaving half of African economies either facing debt distress or at high risk of doing so.

Sub-Saharan African countries’ debt repayments have unaffordably high interest rates: for years they have been paying rates that are between four to eight times the rates that high income countries pay.

Sub-Saharan African countries are spending far more on debt servicing than on health – indeed, half are paying three times more. Last year, in Angola, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda and Uganda, debt service obligations exceeded 50% of government revenues.

The damage that fiscal constraints are causing to health security is not only a moral outrage, but also dangerous for the whole world. In contrast, coordinated significant debt restructuring and relief by leading creditor countries, and by the investment firms based in those countries, will be good for the whole world – facilitating health security, stability and sustained prosperity.

Fiscal modelling demonstrates that the costs of inaction would be much larger than the costs of action.It is deeply concerning, therefore, that even at this time of polycrisis, some officials are continuing to pressure countries to maintain fiscal restraints, or even to tie them tighter. Continuing with austerity would be a grave mistake.

As United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres has highlighted, the global financial system is perpetuating and exacerbating inequalities, and is failing to provide a global safety net for developing countries.

Reform of the global financial architecture is urgent. This includes the need for a stable and timely debt restructuring mechanism, and for increased aid and sustainable and affordable concessional financing for low and low-middle income countries. It includes also the need for global coordinated action, and global rules, which will help advance fair taxation and the tackling of tax evasion.

There is, rightly, a consensus that low- and middle-income countries need to become increasingly fiscally self-reliant. The evidence is clear: achieving this requires growing new avenues for countries’ domestic revenue collection.

Brazil, host of November’s G20 meeting in Rio de Janeiro, has placed the establishment of new taxes on the agenda as a way for countries to source revenue that can be invested in health and other social priorities.

Needs include taxes on the wealth and on the capital gains of individuals and companies to ensure a reduction in inequality, with revenues collected redeployed for social priorities such as health, HIV, child welfare, gender equality, and social protection.

Investing in health works. The extraordinary advances secured by the global HIV response have proven what can be achieved. Since 2010, AIDS-related deaths have declined by 51% worldwide. New HIV infections have fallen by 38%. And three quarters of the 39 million people living with HIV are on antiretroviral treatment.

But right now, there is significant shortfall in the global investments required to end AIDS as a global health threat by 2030. The US$ 20.8 billion available for HIV programmes in low- and middle-income countries in 2022 was 2.6% less than in 2021, and well short of the US$ 29.3 billion needed by 2025. The final miles are the hardest, and need more investment, not less.

The world can end AIDS as a public health threat by 2030, be well-prepared for the next pandemic, and overcome the world’s dangerous health inequalities. But to ensure sufficient and sustainable resources requires leaders meeting in Washington DC need to be bold.

Now is the moment to frontload investment in health, education, and social protection. Economic stability and health security depend on multilateral coordinated action to drop debt, increase aid and concessional financing, and facilitate progressive taxation.

Decisions that leaders take this year will help determine whether the world successfully navigates the challenges of this decade and beyond. For the health security of everyone, leaders need to break the chokehold of debt and austerity, now.

Jaime Atienza is UNAIDS Director of Equitable Financing

IPS UN Bureau

 

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The establishment of a new Loss and Damage Fund and Funding Arrangements at COP27 and the Fund’s operationalization and initial capitalization at COP28 were milestones in the UN climate regime. The World Bank engaged in the Transitional Committee (TC) process as a potential host and trustee for the Fund, a member of a new “High-Level Dialogue,” and a direct provider of loss and damage (L&D) support. The implementation of the Fund and Funding Arrangements—the mosaic—is the first big test of the World Bank’s commitment to evolving its policies, practices, and relationships.

This paper discusses the World Bank’s engagement with loss and damage, including the context of broader reforms aiming to modernize the Bank, such as the Bank’s Evolution Roadmap, which identifies three guiding elements for the Bank’s evolution: a new mission and vision, a new playbook, and new resources. One of the key components of the Bank’s evolution is the introduction of climate-resilient debt clauses (CRDCs) or “pause clauses.” Pause clauses feature prominently in recent initiatives to reform the international financial architecture, such as Bridgetown 2.0, the Africa Climate Summit’s Nairobi Declaration, and the Vulnerable Twenty Group’s (V20) Accra-Marrakech Agenda.

The paper also discusses the debate over the World Bank’s hosting of the Fund and the set of conditions and safeguards, determined by developing countries, that the Bank would have to meet in order to host the Fund. Finally, the paper discusses priority actions for the High-Level Dialogue, including resource mobilization, institutional protocols, and the losses and damages of the future.

L'attaque de l'Iran contre Israël marque une escalade majeure dans la guerre de l'ombre qui oppose depuis longtemps les deux nations.

(B2) L'opération maritime militaire européenne au large de la Somalie a confirmé lundi (15 avril) la libération des 23 membres d'équipage du navire marchand Adbullah et du navire. Mais elle n'a rien précisé sur les conditions de cette libération.

Le navire Abdullah escorté par les navires européens (Photo : EUNAVFOR Atalanta)

Un vraquier du Bangladesh suivi à la trace par Atalanta

Ce navire qui transportait plus de 55 000 tonnes de charbon du Mozambique vers les Émirats arabes unis (1) avait été  capturé le 12 mars dernier (lire : [Actualité] Un navire bangladais piraté dans l’Océan indien. Ancré au large de la Somalie). Tout au long des 32 jours de captivité des marins, EUNAVFOR Atalanta « s'est activement engagée », assurant notamment la surveillance continue du navire, indique le QG de l'opération à La Rota.

Une rançon de cinq millions de dollars

Cette libération n'est pas inopinée. Les propriétaires bangladais auraient payé une rançon de 5 millions de dollars (environ 4,7 millions d'euros), indique l'agence de presse Reuters. « L'argent nous a été apporté il y a deux nuits. Comme d'habitude... nous avons vérifié si l'argent était faux ou non. Ensuite, nous avons divisé l'argent en groupes et sommes partis en évitant les forces gouvernementales », a déclaré Abdirashiid Yusuf, l'un des pirates à l'agence britannique.

Versée par avion

« Un avion a largué trois sacs remplis de dollars américains sur le navire » a précisé Fahmida Akter Anny l'épouse du capitaine du navire, Mohammed Abdur Rashid à l'Agence France Presse, repris par le Marin. « Les pirates nous ont appelés lorsqu'ils sont arrivés près des côtes somaliennes ». Et l'un d'eux parlait anglais, a confirmé dimanche Meherul Karim, PDG de KSRM aux journalistes à Chittagong, au Bangladesh. « Il a communiqué avec nous jusqu'à ce que nous finalisions les négociations », a-t-il ajouté. Ne voulant pas confirmer le montant de la rançon.

Une autre libération

Selon nos informations, un autre navire, le Al-Kambar battant pavillon iranien, capturé le 28 mars a été libéré également, peu de temps après sa capture.

(Nicolas Gros-Verheyde)

1. L'exportation du charbon somalien aux mains des terroristes d'Al Chabab est interdit par une résolution du Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies

According to the “ontological turn,” ontology is considered not to be a given order of things. Ontologies exist, rather, in the plural, mutually shaping and being shaped by social practices. This special issue aims to understand nature-society relations and their asymmetric embeddedness in matrices of power. The contributions integrate ontological aspects explicitly into the analysis of environmental conflicts and focus on the following key questions: What is at stake, who is struggling, and who gets to decide what is at stake? This introduction provides an overview of the state of the art regarding the ontological turn in Political Ecology, Anthropology, and Human Geography as well as its relevance for understanding environmental conflicts. Moreover, we identify three research themes across the different contributions: 1. stories of ontological conflicts and resistance; 2. practical challenges arising from ontological difference in partnerships; and 3. methodological approaches to knowledge production under conditions of ontological difference.

According to the “ontological turn,” ontology is considered not to be a given order of things. Ontologies exist, rather, in the plural, mutually shaping and being shaped by social practices. This special issue aims to understand nature-society relations and their asymmetric embeddedness in matrices of power. The contributions integrate ontological aspects explicitly into the analysis of environmental conflicts and focus on the following key questions: What is at stake, who is struggling, and who gets to decide what is at stake? This introduction provides an overview of the state of the art regarding the ontological turn in Political Ecology, Anthropology, and Human Geography as well as its relevance for understanding environmental conflicts. Moreover, we identify three research themes across the different contributions: 1. stories of ontological conflicts and resistance; 2. practical challenges arising from ontological difference in partnerships; and 3. methodological approaches to knowledge production under conditions of ontological difference.

According to the “ontological turn,” ontology is considered not to be a given order of things. Ontologies exist, rather, in the plural, mutually shaping and being shaped by social practices. This special issue aims to understand nature-society relations and their asymmetric embeddedness in matrices of power. The contributions integrate ontological aspects explicitly into the analysis of environmental conflicts and focus on the following key questions: What is at stake, who is struggling, and who gets to decide what is at stake? This introduction provides an overview of the state of the art regarding the ontological turn in Political Ecology, Anthropology, and Human Geography as well as its relevance for understanding environmental conflicts. Moreover, we identify three research themes across the different contributions: 1. stories of ontological conflicts and resistance; 2. practical challenges arising from ontological difference in partnerships; and 3. methodological approaches to knowledge production under conditions of ontological difference.

Americas General Dynamics Land Systems  was awarded a $21,998,374 modification for Abrams systems technical support. Work will be performed in Sterling Heights, Michigan, with an estimated completion date of Jan. 15, 2025. Fiscal 2024 research, development, test, and evaluation, Army funds in the amount of $21,998,374 were obligated at the time of the award. Army […]

Written by Albaladejo Román.

Ukraine enjoys excellent conditions for agriculture, including around a third of the world’s most fertile land. Three crops dominate the country’s agricultural production: wheat, maize and sunflower, intended primarily for export. Medium-sized agricultural enterprises lead crop production, although some companies farm as much as 500 000 hectares. This is a direct consequence of Soviet collectivisation, and the agricultural policies adopted after Ukraine’s independence in 1991. Only recently did Ukraine start opening up its land market.

In 2013, Russia blocked Ukrainian exports to prevent Kyiv from developing closer ties with the EU. Following Moscow’s illegal annexation of Crimea and its military aggression in eastern Ukraine, Kyiv signed an association agreement with the EU, which became its primary market. Unlike most of its industrial production, Ukraine’s crops remained competitive in the EU market and exports surged. By 2021, agriculture represented 41 % of Ukraine’s exports, up from 27 % in 2013.

In addition to stealing millions of hectares of land, Russia has inflicted a terrible economic, environmental and human cost on Ukraine. By the end of 2023, the Ukrainian agricultural sector had sustained an estimated US$80 billion in damages and losses. Rebuilding Ukraine’s agriculture is expected to cost US$56.1 billion, and demining will cost an additional US$32 billion. Russia also blockaded Ukrainian agricultural exports. The EU Solidarity Lanes, the Black Sea Initiative, and the more recent Ukrainian Corridor have helped to keep Ukraine’s economy afloat, and avert a wider global food security crisis.

Ukraine applied for EU membership shortly after Russia’s full-scale invasion. In December 2023, the European Council authorised the opening of accession negotiations with Ukraine. Historically, agriculture has been a contentious issue in most enlargement negotiations, and integrating Ukraine’s sizeable agricultural sector poses a challenge to the EU, especially without prior reform of the common agricultural policy. Despite the early stage of Kyiv’s candidacy, some studies have tried to estimate the potential cost and benefits to the EU of Ukraine’s eventual membership of the bloc.

Read the complete briefing on ‘Ukrainian agriculture: From Russian invasion to EU integration‘ in the Think Tank pages of the European Parliament.

Map of areas potentially contaminated by mines or unexploded ordnance Ukraine’s share of global agricultural exports and rank in the world before the Russian invasion Comparison of Ukrainian and EU production of selected agricultural products Map of Ukraine’s ecological regions

L’armée israélienne affirme que 99 % des missiles et drones tirés par l’Iran dans la nuit ont été interceptés sans atteindre leurs cibles. L'Iran a déclaré que cette attaque était une réponse à une attaque meurtrière contre un complexe diplomatique iranien en Syrie il y a deux semaines.

566716 OSCE Centre in Ashgabat

Best practices of the OSCE participating States in establishing business ombudsperson institutions and protecting the rights and legitimate interests of business entities were shared during an OSCE-organized seminar that took place on 15 April 2024 in Ashgabat.

The event brought together representatives of the Mejlis (Parliament) of Turkmenistan, Office of the Ombudsperson, Institute of State, Law and Democracy, Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs of Turkmenistan, as well as relevant ministries and institutions of higher education.

The seminar presented the history, international experiences and prospects for the development of the business ombudsperson institution. An international expert briefed participants on institutional reforms and improvement of the business ombudsperson institution, and provided practical examples on the digitalization of the system of protection of entrepreneurs’ rights.

Within its mandate, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe supports sustainable economic growth and strengthens international economic co-operation in multiple areas,” said William Leaf, Acting Economic and Environmental Officer of the OSCE Centre in Ashgabat.

“At the same time, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including economic freedoms, is a key element of the OSCE's comprehensive approach to security,” added Leaf.

Participants exchanged views on the role of the business ombudsperson in supporting the development of small and medium enterprises with special emphasis on women-owned SMEs.

On Tuesday 16 April, the Committee on Foreign Affairs will discuss Montenegro's progress on EU-related reforms with Prime Minister Milojko Spajić. The meeting is organised in association with the Delegation to the EU-Montenegro Stabilisation and Association Parliamentary Committee. Montenegro applied for EU membership in 2008, and started accession negotiations in 2012. So far, 33 of 35 negotiation chapters have been opened.
Montenegro's path towards EU accession continues to be underpinned by unwavering support of its citizens. However, in recent years the process has stalled and no chapters have been closed since 2017. Montenegro's progress towards the provisional closure of other chapters, remains conditional upon the fulfilment of the rule of law interim benchmarks set under chapters 23 and 24.
Source : © European Union, 2024 - EP

Le point de fascination de la bourgeoisie occidentale, c'est l'image d'Israël comme figure de la domination dans l'innocence, c'est-à-dire comme « point fantasmatique réalisé ». Dominer sans porter la souillure du Mal est le fantasme absolu du dominant. Car « dominer en étant innocent est normalement un impossible. Or Israël réalise cet impossible ; et en offre le modèle aux bourgeoisies occidentales ».

- La pompe à phynance / Israël, Palestine (Gaza), Idées

Slam poet Emi Mahmoud wants the world not to forget Sudan, one year into its civil war.

Andiswa Mlisa, Principal Advisor - Business Development, PIRMO at SPC giving a demo at the Digital Earth Pacific launch. Credit: SPC

By Catherine Wilson
SYDNEY, Apr 15 2024 (IPS)

Winning a battle for survival requires understanding the opponent. And, for the peoples of 22 island nations and territories scattered across more than 155 million square kilometres of Pacific Ocean, the volatility and wrath of the climate are their greatest threats.

The region harbours three of the world’s most disaster-prone countries, while eight are among those that suffer the highest disaster-related losses to Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

But decision-makers at all levels across the region are grappling with a lack of reliable, detailed information about the connections between climate extremes and changes occurring on their islands. In a bid to bridge the deficit of data, the regional scientific and principal organisation, the Pacific Community (SPC), is spearheading a new project, called Digital Earth Pacific, to capture extensive satellite information about climate change and natural disasters in the region.

“This is a real first for the Pacific and will bring incredible value to the region, which is so vast, but managed and stewarded by a small number of overstretched people in our member governments,” Dr Stuart Minchin, Director-General of the Pacific Community in Noumea, New Caledonia, told IPS.

Mary Nipisina cultivating her peanut garden in Tanna, Vanuatu. Farmers will be able to access the DEP for easy access to up-to-date satellite derived information. Credit: SPC

 

Pacific Island communities cannot afford escalating economic consequences of climate disasters. Credit: SPC

“Digital Earth Pacific provides a solution to the tyranny of distance that our Pacific people have to live with every day, allowing operational earth observation satellites to assist in monitoring and management of the vast Blue Pacific Continent,” he continued.

Satellites provide an invaluable timeline of pictures, past and present, of the ways climate change and natural disasters are affecting coastlines, forest cover, population centres, and food production.

The Pacific Islands are home to about 12.7 million people and natural disasters are leading to annual average losses in the region of USD 1.07 billion, reports the Australian Aid Agency.

Digital Earth Pacific, launched by the Pacific Community in October last year, aims to halt that trend. To do this, it will set up far-reaching digital public infrastructure that gives national leaders, decision-makers, policymakers, and citizens, including farmers and local communities, easy access to up-to-date satellite-derived information. It will equip islanders to make better decisions about everything from building climate-resilient infrastructure to planting crops.

The project will draw on the wealth of scientific information from Microsoft’s Planetary Computer and treat it as ‘public goods’ to be used by those who need it. It is now in the last stages of the first phase of development, with significant progress already made in establishing the digital infrastructure and designing products and applications. Minchin said that they had captured “coastline change, mangroves, and surface water resources, and each of these products is available for every island atoll and rock across the entire Blue Pacific Continent.”

This is only “the beginning, though, with a significant pipeline of other products in development, bringing the region not just a historical view of how these issues have impacted local areas but an ongoing operational monitoring tool that will be updated regularly with new satellite observations,” Minchin explained.

The development of products and services has been informed by extensive consultations with Pacific Island countries. “The insights from the consultations gave the project a very good indication of what kind of baseline data is missing and where earth observations can fit in for sound decision-making,” Sachindra Singh, the Geoinformatics Team Leader in the Pacific Community’s Geoscience Division in Suva, Fiji, told IPS.

There is no Pacific Island nation that has not suffered the blow of devastating cyclones, the merciless corrosion of land by the sea or human hardships when the necessities of food and water perilously decline in the face of droughts or saltwater contamination.

This century, the Pacific faces a forecast of relentless temperature increases, extreme rainfall, and floods that risk the perishing of crops and rises in human illness and disease, such as heat stress and dengue fever, reports the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). More destructive cyclones and rising sea levels will lead to continued loss and damage to towns, villages, and basic services, for instance, water, sanitation, power, and roads.

In recent years, the region has been burdened with exorbitant loss and damage bills from cyclones. In 2015, Cyclone Pam cost Vanuatu USD 449.4 million, while Cyclone Winston, which descended on Fiji in 2016, caused damages to the value of US$600 million.

SPC Director General Stuart Minchin at the DEP Launch in Noumea last year. It is hoped that the project will assist in the containment of the impacts of climate disasters in terms of lives and livelihoods. Credit: SPC

 

Destruction from the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami in 2022. Natural disasters are leading to annual average losses in the region of USD 1.07 billion. Credit: SPC

Pacific Island nations cannot afford the escalating economic consequences of climate disasters. Especially because ‘countries in the Pacific region commonly face low GDP growth, high reliance on grants and external loans and under-development in disaster-resilient infrastructure, the economic impact of natural disasters tends to be larger than for other comparable low-income and emerging economies,’ reports the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

The new digital project is, therefore, an essential tool for prevention, ensuring that islanders can act effectively before the next disaster hits and build lives that are resilient to climate excesses in the decades ahead.

At this stage, the project will have operational products ready to use by 2024.

“All this information is made easily accessible through the Digital Earth Pacific website in a user-friendly viewer,” Singh said.

Users can then “identify how their shorelines have changed over time, what areas of their islands are flood-prone or have historically faced droughts. They will be able to identify how the health of their mangroves recovers after a severe tropical cyclone and monitor the progress of replanting efforts over the years,” he continued.

A major beneficiary will be the Cook Islands, a self-governing group of 15 islands, including low-lying coral atolls, located between Tonga and French Polynesia.  It has a population of about 17,500 people who live on a total island landmass of 240 square kilometres. Here, people contend with limited land for food production, an expanding population, and constrained water resources. And, from November to April each year, the country is exposed to tropical cyclones.

John Strickland, Director of Emergency Management in the Cook Islands, told IPS that the country was particularly prone to cyclones, flooding, sea surges, and drought.

“With 30 years of satellite data collected through Digital Earth Pacific…[it] has provided images of how the Cook Islands’ coastal area has been affected by climate change, also indicating water observations during floods,” Strickland said.

“With the data captured, this will assist the Cook Islands in future planning on ensuring that affected coastal and low-lying areas affected by floods are captured and monitored. It will provide us the ability to report on affected areas and forecast, in the future, zones that are vulnerable during a disaster.”

The Pacific Community also believes that access to the data will aid economic growth by informing better investment and planning by local industries and businesses.

Bringing such a massive infrastructure scheme to fruition will take an equally sizeable investment. And the Pacific Community is currently seeking donors and partners who will help the vision become reality.

“We have already received strong support from the National Oceans and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the United Kingdom and New Zealand governments and the Patrick J. McGovern Foundation, allowing us to develop the Digital Earth Pacific capability for the first year or two of operation and we are very grateful for this support to date,” Minchin said. But he emphasised that ongoing financial and technical support is vital in the coming years.

Ultimately, the Pacific Community’s goal is to give islanders the power to forge sustainable lives, limit climate-related poverty, reduce fiscal exposure, and retain their sovereignty.

IPS UN Bureau Report

 

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La famille Đukanović a perdu le pouvoir, mais pas la main. Même si les bénéfices des nombreuses sociétés appartenant à Milo, son frère Aco et son fils Blažo ont chuté entre 2022 et 2023, les investissements se concentrent dans des secteurs plein d'avenir comme l'énergie solaire ou la station de ski de Kolašin.

- Articles / Monitor (Monténégro), Monténégro, Corruption Monténégro, Economie, Politique intérieure, Défense, police et justice

Bonn, 15. April 2024. Mit sich häufenden Kriegen und Naturkatastrophen steigt die Zahl der Menschen, die weltweit auf der Flucht sind. Zugleich verlängert sich ihre Aufenthaltsdauer in den Aufnahmeländern. Immer weniger Länder sind deshalb bereit, sie aufzunehmen, und rechte Parteien erfahren Aufwind. Insbesondere Aufnahmeländer, die einen demografischen Wandel erleben, wie etwa Deutschland, sind jedoch auf Arbeitsmarkt- und Wirtschaftspotenziale von sowohl gering-qualifizierten als auch (hoch-)qualifizierten Geflüchteten angewiesen. Um die Akzeptanz von Geflüchteten zu erhöhen, braucht es einen Ansatz, der wirtschaftlich sinnvoller und politisch akzeptabel ist.

Dass die aktuellen Ansätze nicht erfolgreich sind, hat zwei wesentliche Gründe. Zum einen wird die Fluchtfrage als externes Problem betrachtet, das mit der Ankunft der Geflüchteten entsteht und in erster Linie im Rahmen internationaler Politik gelöst werden soll. Lokale politische Maßnahmen, zum Beispiel zu Integration von Geflüchteten im Arbeitsmarkt, dienen lediglich als Ergänzung. Diese Herangehensweise führt dazu, dass die Arbeitsmarkt- und Wirtschaftspotenziale der Geflüchteten nicht effektiv eingesetzt werden und der potenzielle Nutzen für das Aufnahmeland und die Geflüchteten selbst sinkt. Zum anderen werden Menschen auf der Flucht traditionell im Kontext humanitärer Hilfe betrachtet. Sie gelten als Menschen in Not, denen aus moralischen Gründen geholfen werden sollte. Dafür werden ohnehin schon begrenzte lokale Ressourcen umverteilt, worauf die Öffentlichkeit mit Unmut reagiert und Geflüchtete als Konkurrent*innen betrachtet. Dies schafft auch innerhalb der Institutionen, die für die Einbindung der Geflüchteten in den Arbeitsmarkt und damit das Ausschöpfen ihrer Potentiale zuständig sind, ein negatives Umfeld.

Trotz der jüngsten Forderungen nach einem Ansatz, der die Interessen der lokalen Bevölkerung beim Ausschöpfen der Arbeitsmarkt- und Wirtschaftspotenziale der Geflüchteten einbezieht, liegt der Schwerpunkt weiter auf humanitären Programmen. Beim Bund-Länder-Gespräch zur Flüchtlingspolitik Anfang März 2023 etwa hieß es bezüglich des Ausschöpfens von Arbeitsmarkt- und Wirtschaftspotenzialen der Geflüchteten: „Nur durch Humanität und Ordnung, begleitet von einer Steuerung und Begrenzung der irregulären Migration, kann die Unterbringung und Integration der Geflüchteten gelingen.“ Auch der Weltentwicklungsbericht der Weltbank aus dem Jahr 2023 erwähnt die Arbeitsmarkt- und Wirtschaftspotenziale, die Geflüchtete mitbringen, doch im Vordergrund stehen weiterhin die internationalen Beziehungen und entsprechende Maßnahmen. 

Wie können Anreize für Menschen und Institutionen geschaffen werden, Geflüchteten mit größerer Offenheit zu begegnen und ihnen einen besseren Zugang zu wirtschaftlichen Möglichkeiten zu geben? Ein möglicher Schritt in diese Richtung kann sein, aus dem Blickwinkel der Netzwerkökonomie und der Theorie der Verfügungsrechte den Fokus auf die Arbeitsmarkt- und Wirtschaftspotenziale der Geflüchteten zu richten. Die Netzwerkökonomie kann dazu beitragen, die Bedenken der lokalen Bevölkerung im Hinblick auf den Wettbewerb um begrenzte lokale Ressourcen zu zerstreuen. Verfügungs- bzw. Eigentumsrechte können als Werkzeug dienen, die Arbeitsmarkt- und Wirtschaftspotenziale der geflüchteten Menschen so einzusetzen, dass sie sowohl den Geflüchteten selbst als auch der lokalen Bevölkerung zugutekommen. 

Bei der Netzwerkökonomie (auch bekannt als externe Effekte) wird der Wert oder Nutzen, den Menschen aus einer Ware oder Dienstleistung ziehen, davon bestimmt, wie viele Menschen ähnliche Waren oder Dienstleistungen nutzen. Hat ein Telefonnetz beispielsweise viele Nutzer*innen, können auch viele Personen kontaktiert werden und das Netz gewinnt an Attraktivität. Da die Möglichkeit besteht, dass das Netz überlastet wird, wird der Dienstanbieter gezwungen, mehr Geld in die Verbesserung der Infrastruktur und der Technologie des Netzes zu investieren. Dementsprechend ist zu erwarten, dass die Arbeitsmarkt- und Wirtschaftspotenziale der Geflüchteten die wirtschaftlichen Möglichkeiten und das Einkommensniveau der lokalen Bevölkerung verbessern, wenn sie in wirtschaftliche Aktivitäten eingebunden sind und Zugang zu lokalen Ressourcen haben. Notwendige Schritte dazu sind die Ausweitung des Marktes und eine Änderung der bestehenden Arbeitsteilung. Der wichtigste Hebel ist ein verbessertes Verfahren zur Anerkennung der Eigentums- bzw. Verfügungsrechte der Geflüchteten an den von ihnen mitgebrachten personellen, finanziellen oder sozialen Ressourcen.

Die Theorie der Verfügungsrechte besagt, dass in Markttransaktionen nicht die Ressourcen oder Vermögenswerte selbst gehandelt werden, sondern die Verfügungsrechte an diesen. Im weitesten Sinne legen Verfügungsrechte fest, welche Ressourcen wem gehören und wie sie genutzt werden können. Wenn die Gesellschaft beispielsweise die Verfügung über einen Vermögenswert (oder eine Ressource) nicht anerkennt, kann der bzw. die Eigentümer*in diese nicht auf dem Markt verkaufen. Dies führt dazu, dass diese Ressource von wirtschaftlichen Aktivitäten ausgeschlossen ist oder ihr Wert unterschätzt wird und der bzw. die betreffende Eigentümer*in der Gesellschaft marginalisiert wird. Folglich müssen die Ressourcen Geflüchteter in der sozialen Ordnung des Aufnahmelandes anerkannt und entsprechende Verfügungsrechte ausgestellt werden. Dieser Prozess umfasst die verschiedensten Bereiche, wie z. B. Aufenthaltsgenehmigungen, Arbeitserlaubnisse, Anerkennung von Qualifikationen und Bildungsabschlüssen, Konfliktlösung, Geschäftsgenehmigungen. Nur so erhalten sie Zugang zum lokalen Wirtschaftsgefüge und können an wirtschaftlichen Aktivitäten teilhaben.

Dieser Ansatz schmälert keinesfalls die Bedeutung von humanitären Aufnahmeprogrammen, insbesondere in den frühen Phasen der Aufnahme und Rehabilitation, sondern ergänzt sie vielmehr durch nachhaltigere Lösungsansätze.