Written by Eamonn Noonan with Marie-Sophie A. Barreau.
SummaryThis foresight analysis identifies trends, uncertainties and potential disruptions around urban farming. Access to investment funding, careful risk management and a supportive regulatory and policy environment are critical to future development, especially at local or sub-national level.
BackgroundThe Parc des Expositions in Paris hosts the largest rooftop farm in Europe, spreading across 14 000 square metres. This project is one of the many urban agriculture initiatives that have developed across the globe in recent years, in an attempt to provide a more sustainable, healthier, and circular alternative to modern food supply chains.
‘Urban farming’ is the practice of agriculture within cities and their immediate vicinity. Anchored in the urban ecosystem, it produces primarily for local consumption. The practice has a long history, dating back to Mesopotamia in 4000 BCE. In modern times, urban farming has resurfaced during crises, as with ‘Dig for Victory’ campaigns during the Second World War. Urban farms come in various forms, including vertical farming (also known as ‘plant factories’) and rooftop farming. They embrace several technological innovations, such as hydroponics, aquaponics, and LED lighting. Often profit-driven, urban farms usually operate on a smaller scale than modern industrial farms. A difference from urban gardening (e.g. community gardens) is that urban farms combine economic interests with societal benefits. Studies suggest urban farming may account for 1-5 % of annual global food production.
Distinguishing features of urban farming include innovation, resource efficiency, health and social benefits, circularity, biodiversity preservation, and a local production chain. These tie into several United Nations(UN) Sustainable Development Goals, in particular climate action, sustainable cities, and health and wellbeing. Urban farms could offer the prospect of healthier and greener cities in advanced economies. In spite of the challenges facing their development, they may also have the potential to increase the EU’s strategic autonomy and enhance food security.
Main trendsIn 2030, the world’s population will rise to 8.6 billion. By 2050, it will reach 9 billion, with two-thirds living in cities. This suggests a need to increase global food production by more than 50 % – when arable land capacity is unlikely to increase by more than 12 %. Moreover, land-competition from urbanisation means that agricultural land is shrinking, especially in peri-urban areas. How will future food demand be met?
Climate change and the side effects of certain agricultural practices create interlinked challenges: rising temperatures, extreme weather conditions, diminishing resources, soil degradation, biodiversity loss, and pollution from pesticides. According to the World Bank, agriculture uses 70 % of the world’s freshwater, and the UN Food and Agriculture Organization reports that it accounted for 37 % of the total land area in 2017. Food production is responsible for around one quarter of greenhouse gas emissions. All this poses challenges for the long-term viability of global food systems.
Food and drink-related scandals have multiplied. In Asia alone, media reported 400 food and drinks scandals in 2016 and 2017. Examples include the melamine milk scandal in China in 2008 and the Fipronil case in 2017, which affected both Europe and Asia. As a result, citizens have become more aware – and more sceptical – about food safety. The 2019 EFSA Special Barometer Report on EU food safety suggests that 43 % of EU citizens believe food is full of harmful substances, and for one in five Europeans, food safety was their main concern when buying products. A 2019 Market Brief from the European Commission identifies health concerns as a main driver for organic product consumption in the EU. Demand has steadily increased since 2010; the EU has become the world’s second biggest consumer of organic products, with retail sales of €34.3 billion in 2017.
Technological innovation and artificial intelligence are changing the way crops are cultivated. New forms of agriculture are challenging conventional practices, embracing (bio)technology for greater resource efficiency. Key innovations include sensor technology, crop tracking, and light-emitting diode (LED) grow lights.
Key uncertaintiesHope or hype? Urban farming has the potential to offer sustainable, high-tech, and knowledge-based agriculture. Factors such as the level of public and private investment will have an impact on the progress of an activity still in its infancy. Several parameters affect project viability: set-up costs, farmers’ skill set, availability of qualified labour, and access to and affordability of urban spaces. Not all of the technologies associated with urban farming have matured, and the diversity of the crops grown can be limited. In such circumstances, investment in research and development, and subsidies can be decisive in becoming competitive. This in turn raises questions about sustainability and circularity: the resource efficiency of some practices could be improved, and urban waste is a complex issue.
Social impacts? 68 % of the global population will live in cities by 2050, so competition for space will increase. Currently, most urban farming projects need large surfaces and are located on the outskirts of cities, in former industrial zones or abandoned warehouses. Gentrification of such spaces, driven by housing needs, may create land-use conflicts between urban farms and inhabitants. Lower-income citizens are more vulnerable and more at risk of being displaced. Government measures will influence who gains and who loses from such conflicts. The implications for rural areas, in particular for smallholder farms, also need consideration. On the one hand, urban farms could help redefine the traditional urban-rural divide; on the other, they could disrupt small farms, introducing tensions and competition for resources.
Will international crises stimulate urban farming? The Covid‑19 pandemic has highlighted the fragilities of international food supply chains. Current food security strategies rely heavily on imports and trade agreements. In 2019, the EU imported agrifood worth €119.3 billion. The USA, Brazil, Ukraine, and China accounted for 30 % of this. Similarly, China imported 98.5 million tons of soybean between 2019 and 2020, mostly from Brazil and the USA. In times of conflict and political tension, urban farming could reduce dependence on international supply chains and thus enhance food security.
Possible disruptionsPossible health and environmental hazards due to polluted air, water, and soil need to be taken seriously. Crops are exposed to urban soil and air pollutants (e.g. heavy metals, man-made chemicals). The use of pesticides and urban organic waste or wastewater in urban farming carries risks of unintentional exposure to harmful chemicals and pathogens, potentially threatening the health of workers, citizens, and the surrounding ecosystem. Large-scale contamination and sanitary scandals would quickly increase distrust among both citizens and investors. Logistics need careful attention, and well-designed risk management strategies need rigorous implementation. As many urban farming operations are modest scale start-ups, the creation of advisory services and funding incentives becomes especially important.
Regulatory frameworks have a key role in determining the future of urban farming. At the EU level, there is limited coordination across the different policies regarding urban agriculture. The Common Agricultural Policy neither specifically addresses nor allocates specific funds to urban farming. Nonetheless, European networks and research projects have developed to support and increase knowledge of urban farming: examples include the proGlreg and EFUA projects funded under Horizon 2020 and the Milan Urban Food Policy Pact. The EU’s Farm to Fork Strategy has also identified urban food systems as a key area for research and innovation, as part of the Horizon Europe framework.
Competitiveness remains a primary challenge. This involves both lower prices and greater citizen awareness and acceptance. Urban farming faces several obstacles; if it overcomes them, it could realise its potential to address the food needs of urban areas.
Read this ‘at a glance’ on ‘Urban farming: A gateway to greater food security?‘ in the Think Tank pages of the European Parliament.
The COVID-19 crisis has created a dire need for the active facilitation of sustainable investment to promote an inclusive, gender-sensitive and green recovery. The partnership between the European Union (EU) and the African Union (AU), and their respective member states, can provide a strategic and institutional framework for stimulating sustainable investment in a collective manner. Such investment is needed to fuel the recovery process, to help countries build back better and greener, while providing decent jobs, particularly for young people and women. The AU-EU Africa Summit, set for February 2022, provides an important opportunity for the two continents to strengthen their partnership, and ensure that sustainable and inclusive investment priorities are at its core. To this end, the Summit should recognise priority investment areas and processes through which these can be promoted, as well as present several concrete flagship initiatives.
The COVID-19 crisis has created a dire need for the active facilitation of sustainable investment to promote an inclusive, gender-sensitive and green recovery. The partnership between the European Union (EU) and the African Union (AU), and their respective member states, can provide a strategic and institutional framework for stimulating sustainable investment in a collective manner. Such investment is needed to fuel the recovery process, to help countries build back better and greener, while providing decent jobs, particularly for young people and women. The AU-EU Africa Summit, set for February 2022, provides an important opportunity for the two continents to strengthen their partnership, and ensure that sustainable and inclusive investment priorities are at its core. To this end, the Summit should recognise priority investment areas and processes through which these can be promoted, as well as present several concrete flagship initiatives.
The COVID-19 crisis has created a dire need for the active facilitation of sustainable investment to promote an inclusive, gender-sensitive and green recovery. The partnership between the European Union (EU) and the African Union (AU), and their respective member states, can provide a strategic and institutional framework for stimulating sustainable investment in a collective manner. Such investment is needed to fuel the recovery process, to help countries build back better and greener, while providing decent jobs, particularly for young people and women. The AU-EU Africa Summit, set for February 2022, provides an important opportunity for the two continents to strengthen their partnership, and ensure that sustainable and inclusive investment priorities are at its core. To this end, the Summit should recognise priority investment areas and processes through which these can be promoted, as well as present several concrete flagship initiatives.
Face au flux migratoire incontrôlable, l’Europe tente de mettre en place des mesures pour lutter contre ce phénomène croissant mais en vain, raison pour laquelle plusieurs pays du continent ont décidé de passer à la vitesse supérieure.
La prochaine mesure était un peu plus drastique que celle d’avant. En effet, douze pays européens à savoir l’Autriche, la Bulgarie, Chypre, la République Tchèque, le Danemark, l’Estonie, la Grèce, la Hongrie, la Lituanie, la Lettonie, la Pologne et la Slovaquie ont envisagé la construction de murs et barrières anti-migrants pour contrer le flux migratoire au sud de l’Europe notamment venant du pays des Maghreb. Récemment les chiffres ont connu une réelle explosion : 1200 harraga algériens arrivés en seulement 72h.
Une demande officielle a donc été adressée à la Commission européenne le 8 octobre pour financer ce projet qui ne sera pas concrétisé puisque la Présidente de la commission Ursula Von Der Leyen a refusé leur demande. Cette dernière a réitéré sa position « j’ai été très claire sur le fait qu’il y a une position commune de longue date de la commission et du parlement européen sur le fait qu’il n’y aura pas de financement de barbelés et de murs ».
L’Allemagne rejoint la vagueLe ministre de l’intérieur allemand, Horst Seehofer, a jugé ce projet de « légitime » puisque l’Europe tente de protéger ses frontières pour empêcher les migrants clandestins. Prenant l’exemple de la Pologne qui a également demandé 350 millions d’euros pour construire ces barrières anti-migrants, elle renforcera la surveillance sur ses frontières avec 800 policiers déployés.
Ces pays ne s’arrêteront pas sur le refus de la Commission européenne notamment face à la croissance du fléau de
l’émigration clandestine. Les propos du ministre allemand pourront provoquer un réel « plot twist » étant donné que la parole de l’Allemagne a un poids considérable à l’Union européenne. Sa position inciterait d’autres pays membres à rejoindre la vague et exercer une pression sur la Commission pour financer ce projet.
Renforcement de la surveillance aux frontières, camps fermés ou murs anti-migrants, quelle sera la prochaine mesure pour contrer le flux migratoire ?
L’article Lutte contre les sans papiers : l’Allemagne entre en jeu est apparu en premier sur .
L’arrivée de la saison froide, qui est souvent synonyme de grippes, intervient cette année au même moment avec la campagne de vaccination contre le Covid-19. La vaccination contre la grippe saisonnière et l’épidémie du coronavirus peut-elle se faire en même temps ?
Si les symptômes de ces deux pathologies affichent des ressemblances frappantes, le processus de vaccination contre l’une et l’autre suscite déjà des appréhensions et des interrogations auprès de la population. Ceci étant donné que la vaccination contre ces deux maladies est recommandée pour la population cible.
Pour le cas de la grippe saisonnière, qui est extrêmement contagieuse auprès de la population, elle peut être dangereuse, voire fatale notamment pour les personnes âgées, celles souffrant de certaines maladies chroniques et les femmes enceintes. D’où la nécessité de se faire vacciner.
Or, cette année, ce processus de vaccination contre la grippe saisonnière interfère avec la campagne de vaccination contre le coronavirus. De même, l’avènement de cette pathologie saisonnière pourra peser lourd sur le dépistage du Covid-19.
Par-delà tous ces facteurs, les interrogations sur l’administration simultanée des deux vaccins restent aux centres des préoccupations. D’un point de vue médical, les spécialistes en Algérie affirment que l’administration des deux vaccins simultanément pourra se faire sans aucun danger, mais à des conditions.
Les deux vaccins à la fois : les recommandations des spécialistesLe spécialiste en maladies infectieuses et membre du Comité scientifique de suivi de l’épidémie du coronavirus, le Dr Lyes Akhamouk rappelle que la grippe saisonnière est responsable chaque année des dizaines de décès en Algérie.
Dans une déclaration rapportée par le quotidien Le Soir d’Algérie, il souligne que « la campagne de vaccination antigrippale va commencer début novembre prochain et sera limitée uniquement à une certaine frange de la population ».
Pour ce qui est de la possibilité d’administrer le vaccin contre la grippe et celui contre le Covid-19 en même temps, « il n’y a aucun danger à se faire vacciner contre la grippe saisonnière et contre le Covid-19 simultanément ».
Or, le spécialiste ajoute que cela pourra se faire « à condition que les injections ne soient pas administrées au même bras ». Dr Akhamouk explique également « qu’aucun de ces deux vaccins ne doit être administré si la personne manifeste de la fièvre ou des symptômes respiratoires ».
Ainsi, le patient concerné « doit attendre sa guérison avant de se faire vacciner », recommande encore le spécialiste. Par ailleurs, il ajoute que le respect des mesures barrières pourra prémunir à la fois contre le Covid-19 et la grippe saisonnière.
L’article Covid-19 et grippe saisonnière : ce que recommande les spécialistes est apparu en premier sur .
Dans les quartiers huppés d’Alger, mais aussi dans d’autres wilayas du territoire national, poussent, de plus en plus, et ce, depuis plusieurs années, des promotions immobilières privées. Une chose qui n’est pas du gout du ministre de l’Intérieur, Kamel Beldjoud, en témoigne sa dernière note envoyée aux walis.
En effet, le ministère de l’Intérieur et des collectivités locales enquête sur les nouveaux immeubles d’habitation, construits dans le cadre de promotions immobilières. Ces constructions, faites en zones urbaines, poussent sur des terrains qui abritaient autrefois des maisons individuelles.
Les services du ministère de l’Intérieur ont notamment demandé aux walis de « suivre » ce qui a été qualifié de « phénomène d’expansion des promotions immobilières et leur impact sur l’urbanisation ». Les responsables des wilayas doivent, de ce fait, présenter au département de Beldjoud un bilan périodique mensuel.
Promotions immobilières et émergence de zones de l’ombreLe ministère de l’Intérieur vise à collecter les données concernant le nombre des constructions individuelles transformées en immeubles collectifs, ainsi que l’impact de ces derniers sur le paysage urbain. L’enquête lancée par Beldjoud vise également à recenser les zones dédiées aux promoteurs immobiliers ainsi que les moyens d’actualiser l’utilisation des recettes fiscales et des redevances pour renforcer les infrastructures et les équipements publics.
Les nombres des promotions immobilières, selon le département de Beldjoud, connaissent une courbe ascendante. Ces constructions qui étaient à l’origine des habitations individuelles, transforment des quartiers résidentiels huppés en des zones avec une dense présence démographique, estime le ministère de l’Intérieur.
Le département de Beldjoud estime notamment que la croissance du phénomène des promotions immobilières en zones urbaine favorise l’émergence de zones d’ombre et défigure le paysage de certains quartiers résidentiels. Le ministère de l’Intérieur indique également que cela entraînera la saturation des infrastructures et des équipements publics, ainsi que la détérioration de la qualité de vie.
Il n’a pas été omis de souligner aussi l’impact négatif des promotions immobilières sur l’harmonie du plan architectural et son influence néfaste sur l’esthétique des villes.
L’article Quartiers huppés : que reproche Beldjoud aux promotions immobilières ? est apparu en premier sur .