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Many colonies in Africa attained independence through negotiated settlements. However, several others engaged in armed liberation struggles, for example, Kenya, Namibia, South Africa, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), and the Portuguese colonies of Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea Bissau, Mozambique, and São Tomé and Príncipe. Newly independent states provided liberation movements with bases on their territories and political, military, intellectual, ideological, material, and moral support. In West Africa, Ghana’s first president, Kwame Nkrumah, a notable pan-Africanist, declared in his Independence Day speech in 1957, “Our independence is meaningless unless it is linked up with the total liberation of the African continent.” In East Africa, Julius Nyerere and Jomo Kenyatta, the first presidents of independent Tanzania and Kenya respectively, showed similar commitment to Pan-Africanism and anticolonialism by hosting refugees fleeing armed struggles in Southern Africa. Tanzania hosted the Organization of African Unity Liberation Committee supported anticolonial resistance and liberation movements. President Nyerere supported them for “challenging injustices of empire and apartheid” and declared, “I train freedom fighters”. He encouraged Tanzanians living around liberation movement camps to welcome these movements and their freedom fighters and also protect them from agents of colonial governments. Support also came from many other countries on the continent including Nigeria, Ethiopia, and Algeria. The latter provided sanctuary to representatives of liberation movements such as Nelson Mandela of the African National Congress (ANC) in South Africa.

Many colonies in Africa attained independence through negotiated settlements. However, several others engaged in armed liberation struggles, for example, Kenya, Namibia, South Africa, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), and the Portuguese colonies of Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea Bissau, Mozambique, and São Tomé and Príncipe. Newly independent states provided liberation movements with bases on their territories and political, military, intellectual, ideological, material, and moral support. In West Africa, Ghana’s first president, Kwame Nkrumah, a notable pan-Africanist, declared in his Independence Day speech in 1957, “Our independence is meaningless unless it is linked up with the total liberation of the African continent.” In East Africa, Julius Nyerere and Jomo Kenyatta, the first presidents of independent Tanzania and Kenya respectively, showed similar commitment to Pan-Africanism and anticolonialism by hosting refugees fleeing armed struggles in Southern Africa. Tanzania hosted the Organization of African Unity Liberation Committee supported anticolonial resistance and liberation movements. President Nyerere supported them for “challenging injustices of empire and apartheid” and declared, “I train freedom fighters”. He encouraged Tanzanians living around liberation movement camps to welcome these movements and their freedom fighters and also protect them from agents of colonial governments. Support also came from many other countries on the continent including Nigeria, Ethiopia, and Algeria. The latter provided sanctuary to representatives of liberation movements such as Nelson Mandela of the African National Congress (ANC) in South Africa.

This paper examines the renegotiation of social contracts, using the example of Colombia’s phase-out process for fossil fuel subsidies that provides empirical evidence for broad reforms of state–society agreements. While calls for new social contracts increasingly highlight the need to integrate ecological sustainability and address systemic inequalities, few studies explore how such transitions unfold in practice. Drawing on interviews with 43 experts from government, academia, civil society, and the private sector, the paper analyses Colombia’s efforts to remove gasoline and diesel subsidies under President Petro’s reform agenda. The findings reveal four central obstacles: the political cost of reform, structural dependencies in the transport sector, limited state capacity, and the absence of long-term policy continuity. We find that creating a new social contract requires broad support by a range of stakeholders and a clear vision for the new agreement, which is supported across ideological camps. The Colombian government offered an incoherentversion of a green growth social contract, which relied on reforming the existing structures with novel technologies. In contrast to government participants, the interviewees from society, academia and the private sector in Colombia seem to dismiss the plans of the government as unrealistic, as they do not address the deep-rooted challenges within the transport sector and lacks a clear pathway. The Colombian reform process highlights the contested nature of renegotiating social contracts, illustrating the challenges of aligning societal expectations with government visions.

Zaher, double amputé, avait confié l'an dernier à la BBC son amour pour le football et son rêve de pouvoir remarcher.

Vos empreintes digitales se trouvent sur tous les appareils électroniques que nous possédons, sur tous les écrans d'ordinateur que nous regardons, sur tous les supports numériques.

Depuis quelques semaines, l'île canarienne d'El Hierro connaît un afflux accru de pirogues, et l'accueil des migrants pousse le système de santé au bord de l'effondrement.

Une femme affirme que le directeur d'une agence l'a envoyée faire des séances photo dans la maison de plage du délinquant sexuel.

Le ministère américain de la Justice affirme que ces hommes étaient impliqués dans une série de complots, dont un incident majeur près de la base aérienne britannique utilisée par les forces armées américaines.

Das Impeachmentverfahren gegen den US-Verteidigungsminister ist vorzeitig geplatzt. Aber Pete Hegseth kann nur kurz aufatmen. Bald folgt eine doppelte Ladung, meint Auslandredaktor Guido Felder in seiner Analyse.

Der EHC Kloten und Stürmer Joel Henry haben ihre Zusammenarbeit bis 2029 verlängert.

Des traces de travaux d'excavation et de nouvelles constructions sont visibles sur les images satellites prises en novembre, selon ces mêmes images.

Statement by the High Representative on behalf of the European Union on the alignment of certain third countries with Council Decision (CFSP) 2026/2286 of 12 October 2026 amending Decision (CFSP) 2018/1544 concerning restrictive measures against the proliferation and use of chemical weapons.

On Tuesday, Industry Committee MEPs proposed to reshape the European Competitiveness Fund’s scope, governance and budget, with a focus on industrial and security dimensions.
Committee on Industry, Research and Energy

Source : © European Union, 2026 - EP

Research MEPs seek to boost EU scientific excellence, empower expert advice, and improve links between research and competitiveness.
Committee on Industry, Research and Energy

Source : © European Union, 2026 - EP

Research MEPs seek to boost EU scientific excellence, empower expert advice, and improve links between research and competitiveness.
Committee on Industry, Research and Energy

Source : © European Union, 2026 - EP

Research MEPs seek to boost EU scientific excellence, empower expert advice, and improve links between research and competitiveness.
Committee on Industry, Research and Energy

Source : © European Union, 2026 - EP

Parliament’s Energy and Transport Committees agreed to strengthen the 2028-2034 Connecting Europe Facility, EU’s main funding tool for key cross-border infrastructure projects.
Committee on Industry, Research and Energy
Committee on Transport and Tourism

Source : © European Union, 2026 - EP

Parliament’s Energy and Transport Committees agreed to strengthen the 2028-2034 Connecting Europe Facility, EU’s main funding tool for key cross-border infrastructure projects.
Committee on Industry, Research and Energy
Committee on Transport and Tourism

Source : © European Union, 2026 - EP

Parliament’s Energy and Transport Committees agreed to strengthen the 2028-2034 Connecting Europe Facility, EU’s main funding tool for key cross-border infrastructure projects.
Committee on Industry, Research and Energy
Committee on Transport and Tourism

Source : © European Union, 2026 - EP

Newsletter - 11-12 November 2026 - Brussels plenary session

Source : © European Union, 2026 - EP