The idea that US power underpins international security remains deeply anchored in today’s US political elite. Ultimately, this idea also lies at the heart of US-led alliances, including NATO. But the three pillars of Pax Americana – US military strength, the country’s economic openness and the liberal-democratic foundations of American foreign policy – have, in fact, been crumbling for some time. The outcome of the US elections on 5 November 2024 may accelerate or deaccelerate these trends, but it will not fundamentally reverse them. Against this backdrop, Germany and the other allies will have to ensure that transatlantic relations are put on a new footing after the elections. And this is regardless of whether Kamala Harris or Donald Trump wins the ballot.
The United Nations Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan (UNITAMS) was established at the request of Sudan’s government to assist the country’s political “transition” towards domestic peace and democratic governance. Rather then being able to see its mandate through, the Mission witnessed a transition to the ongoing war between the country’s two military formations. UNITAMS’ good-offices function came into play in all three phases of the Mission’s lifespan – under the civilian-military partnership, under the military government, and in the first weeks of the war. Facilitation efforts became particularly relevant following the October 2021 military coup and after the conclusion of a Framework Political Agreement by the military and their civilian counterparts in December 2022. UNITAMS worked with a broad spectrum of civilian, “para-civilian” and military Sudanese stakeholders and with various regional and international partners. The establishment of the Tripartite Mechanism in cooperation with the African Union and the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) lent additional legitimacy to the efforts of all three organisations – and was at the same time a valuable learning exercise. One of the main lesson for international actors is not to underestimate the strength of actors who fear losing out in a transition process that the international community seeks to support. The UNITAMS experience demonstrates that even a small political mission can play an effective good-offices role, but it also shows the limits of this function – especially where military actors are set for war.
Grönland (Kalaallit Nunaat) nimmt einen raumbeherrschenden Platz zwischen dem Arktischen und dem Atlantischen Ozean ein. Es hat eine geostrategische Schlüsselposition im Seeraum zwischen Spitzbergen, Bäreninsel und Nordkap (Bear Gap) sowie zwischen Grönland, Island und Großbritannien (GIUK Gap), die auch militärisch wieder relevant ist. Die Arktis erwärmt sich viermal so stark wie im globalen Durchschnitt, und das Schmelzen des grönländischen Eisschildes führt zu einem Kipp-Punkt im Klimasystem mit weltweiten Folgen für den Meeresspiegel und das Wetter. Das zurückgehende Meereis öffnet Seewege zwischen Asien und Europa und macht Lagerstätten von Rohstoffen an Land und auf dem Meeresboden besser zugänglich. Schwierige Umweltbedingungen und fehlende Infrastruktur machen Seetransport und Rohstoffabbau aber weiter zu einem riskanten und teuren Unternehmen. Die Mehrheit der Bevölkerung Grönlands will die Unabhängigkeit vom Königreich Dänemark. Bislang profitieren aber alle vom Status quo: Dänemark ist durch die Insel als arktischer Küstenstaat international wichtig, und Grönland erhält einen Großteil seiner Ausgaben finanziert. Zur wirtschaftlichen Eigenständigkeit führen viele Wege, doch sie sind mühsam. Die geopolitische Signifikanz des Landes steht im Kontrast zur kleinen Bevölkerungszahl. Grönlands Regierung hat erstmals ein Dokument zur Außen-, Sicherheits- und Verteidigungspolitik publiziert. Darin betont sie den Anspruch auf eine inklusive Außenpolitik (»Nothing about us without us«). Deutschland sollte seine Präsenz in der Arktis verstärken und sich dazu an einer Joint Expeditionary Force oder Standing Nato Maritime Group beteiligen.
In a recent news conference, Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan was asked whether he is pressing Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev to free Vardanyan and other Armenians remaining in Azerbaijani captivity.
“How did it happen so that Ruben Vardanyan renounced his Russian citizenship?” he replied. “Who advised or instructed him to take that step? Who sent him to Armenia, Nagorno Karabakh and for what purpose and with what promises?”
Vardanyan, who held the second-highest post in Karabakh’s leadership from November 2022 to February 2023, was arrested at an Azerbaijani checkpoint in the Lachin corridor as he fled the region along with tens of thousands of its ordinary residents following an Azerbaijani military offensive. He was charged with “financing terrorism,” illegally entering Karabakh and supplying its armed forces with military equipment.
Today, Azerbaijan is imprisoning him for these crimes, yet this does not seem to bother Armenia’s Prime Minister. The question is, why? The Armenian government under Pashinyan recently faced a Russian coup attempt and has accused a group of people of training ethnic Armenians at a military base in Russia in order to oust the democratically elected sitting Armenian prime minister from power.
This is the same Armenian Prime Minister who has been distancing himself from Moscow in recent times, culminating in Armenia’s withdrawal from the Moscow-led Collective Security Treaty Organization. Armenia’s Investigative Committee recently announced the arrest of three people and the inclusion of four others on a wanted list for their desire to help Putin oust Armenia’s democratically elected leader. They stated that the seven suspects are Armenian citizens and Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians with close ties to Moscow, exactly like Vardanyan. They have been charged with usurping power, and if found guilty, face up to 15 years imprisonment.
Over the course of 2024, one year after the Russian oligarch Vardanyan was imprisoned, this group recruited an undisclosed number of Armenian citizens and former residents of Nagorno-Karabakh under the pretext of undergoing training sessions in Russia, along with a monthly stipend of ₽220,000 ($2,400). The recruits were told that these trainings would teach them how to use heavy weaponry, and that upon returning to Armenia, they would be able to utilize their new skills in carrying out combat duty, as well as in training others.
According to Armenian authorities, once the recruits were transferred to Russia, they underwent preliminary checks, including a polygraph test, ‘in order to find out their personal characteristics and political views, the relationship with the Armenian law enforcement bodies’, etc. If they passed this initial test, the recruits were then deployed at the Russian Arbat Battalion’s military base to undergo combat training. It was only at this point that the recruits were told the actual goal of the training sessions — ‘to return to the Republic of Armenia and remove the current authority’.
An Armenian fact-checking outlet, Fip.am, reported that the Arbat Battalion was established in 2022, the very same year Vardanyan ruled the Karabakh separatist enclave, and that it primarily consisted of ethnic Armenians. They added that the battalion had signed an agreement with the Russian Defense Ministry. They also noted that the unit has been fighting in Ukraine. The uncovering of this battalion makes Pashinyan ponder, what role did Vardanyan have in implementing Moscow’s sinister intentions for his country? Did Vardanyan denounce his Russian citizenship and come to Karabakh only in order to weaken me at the expense of Moscow? And if Vardanyan had any role in helping Russia to overthrow his rule, why would he want to help Vardanyan go anywhere outside of his Azerbaijani jail cell?
Thus, Moscow, by attempting to topple the Pashinyan government, has now helped the Pashinyan government to turn against the Russian oligarch Vardanyan, who like the group that was recently arrested was very close to Putin. Indeed, these days, the Armenian leadership prefers Iran, France and America to Russia. In fact, in the wake of the coup attempt, they have grown weary of having a conflict with Baku, who does respect Armenia’s right to rule in Armenia proper, unlike Moscow. This greatly enhances the prospects for peace between Armenia and Azerbaijan. Thus, given the turn of events, Pashinyan has become an ally of Baku when it comes to possessing a desire to keep Vardanyan behind bars.
On the other side of the coin, in the wake of Putin’s recent visit to Azerbaijan, the Armenians look with apprehension at the idea of Russia getting closer to Azerbaijan. They view it as a threat to their interest to distance themselves from Moscow, especially in light of the recent coup attempt. Therefore, they are hostile to Azerbaijan’s anti-vector policy, which seeks to have a balanced relationship where Baku supports Ukraine’s territorial integrity and sends them humanitarian aid while helping the West to wean off Russian oil and gas by offering itself as a viable alternative, while at the same time doing so in a way that will not antagonize Putin. The Azerbaijanis see how much Ukraine has suffered for wanting to be part of NATO and has chosen to be smart over right.
However, the Armenian leadership has not chosen to be smart over right. Despite their dependency on the Russian economy as a land-locked former Soviet bloc country, they have taken actions hostile to Moscow in retribution for their lack of assertiveness in helping Armenia in recent years. And for this reason, when Moscow gets closer to Baku, they grow even more hostile to Moscow, as their successful weening off of Moscow depends squarely on Armenia making peace with Azerbaijan and the Armenians do not want the Russians to sabotage this for them. For this reason, they are hostile towards any rapprochement between Baku and Moscow, and are highly critical of Azerbaijan taking any steps in this direction.
Am 1. Oktober 2024 wird Claudia Sheinbaum das Präsidentenamt in Mexiko übernehmen, als erste Frau in der Geschichte des Landes. Für sechs Jahre kann sie dann den Kurs ihres Landes bestimmen, mit einer Machtfülle, die sie ihrem überragenden Wahlergebnis und der Zentralisierung von Befugnissen und Ressourcen durch ihren Mentor und Amtsvorgänger Andrés Manuel López Obrador zu verdanken hat. Schnell aus dessen Schatten herauszutreten und eine eigene politische Handschrift zu entwickeln wird der neuen Präsidentin indes nur in einigen Politikfeldern gelingen, etwa der Energie- und Umweltpolitik. Bislang hat sie die innenpolitischen Weichenstellungen ihres Vorgängers mitgetragen. Außenpolitisch gilt es eine Reihe von Schadensfällen zu beseitigen und neue Optionen zu erarbeiten. Sheinbaums eher technokratische Herangehensweise könnte sich als Vorteil erweisen, um ideologische Scheuklappen der Vergangenheit abzulegen und die weitgehende Selbstisolierung des Landes auch gegenüber Deutschland und der EU zu überwinden.
The European Defence Agency (EDA) joined the large-scale military exercise ‘Robotic Experimentation Maritime Unmanned Systems (REPMUS)’ for the first time as a co-organiser, running several initiatives.
REPMUS, now in its 14th year, took place from 9 to 27 September 2024, with a focus on maritime autonomous systems, testing various types of drones and using artificial intelligence for a range of military applications, such as attacking vessels, detecting mines, and combating submarines.
The exercise in Portugal, organised by the Portuguese Navy alongside the University of Porto, the NATO Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation, and the NATO Joint Capability Group for Maritime Unmanned Systems, also brought together NATO allies, technology companies, and academic institutions. The gathering was the largest of its kind, with over 2,000 attendees from 23 nations, including seven observer countries. Organisations involved included NATO's Allied Command Transformation, the European Union Satellite Centre (SatCen), Frontex, the European Fisheries Control Agency, and the European Maritime Safety Agency.
At a time when unmanned systems are gaining growing importance in modern warfare, one of the main goals of REPMUS, an annual exercise, is to ensure autonomous systems can operate together, sharing data between aerial, land, and underwater drones to coordinate operations efficiently.
The primary focus of REPMUS 2024 was on Maritime Unmanned Systems technology, with an emphasis on multidomain command and control (C2), counter-unmanned systems (C-UxV), and underwater battlespace capabilities. The exercise involved extensive testing and experimentation, culminating in live demonstrations that included kinetic strikes, coordinated manned-unmanned amphibious operations, and advanced sense-and-avoid exercises to showcase maritime drone collaboration.
EDA played a significant role in the exercise, with several initiatives:
During the exercise, EDA also hosted a high-level panel discussion on the challenges of protecting critical maritime infrastructure. The panel, moderated by EDA Deputy Chief Executive André Denk, featured speakers from the European Maritime Safety Agency, the European Commission, NATO, and the University of Ghent. The discussion addressed the policy, operational, and legal aspects of protecting infrastructure.
Megjelent a "Külterületi utak fejlesztése" című pályázat. A pályázat keretében a vidéki térségben működő önkormányzatok akár 300 millió forint 95%-os támogatásra is pályázhatnak külterületi közutak felújítására.
A kalibráló repülések során az irányadók és a távolságmérő berendezés útvonal-ellenőrzését a két pilóta és a 2-3 fős fedélzeti kalibráló személyzet önállóan végezte. Az ultrarövid hullámú körsugárzó irányadót, a VOR-t azonban körrepüléssel is ellenőrizni kellett és ott volt még a műszeres leszállító rendszer, az ILS ellenőrzése és beállítása is. Ezekhez a feladatokhoz már szükség volt arra, hogy a földi kollégák eszközeikkel kitelepüljenek az adóberendezésekhez.
A VOR adó működési elvéről már volt szó, de röviden idézzük fel a leírtakat. A berendezés elve egy álló antennán kisugárzott, nem irányított referenciajel és egy forgó antennán, irányítottan kisugárzott változójel fáziskülönbségének mérésén alapul. Ezzel a módszerrel meghatározható a kör 360 fokának valamennyi sugara és folyamatosan ellenőrizhető, hogy a repülőgép a kiválasztott sugáron (radiálon) repül-e. Ma már szinte mindenhol a forgó antenna nélküli DVOR (Doppler VOR) használatos, ami sokkal zavarvédettebb, mint hagyományos elődje.
Miután a kalibrálók egyenes vonalú repüléssel, a sorozatunk előző részében bemutatott módon leellenőrizték, hogy az adott VOR pontossága megfelelő-e az útvonal tartásához, körrepüléssel és tízfokonkénti méréssel tovább ellenőrizték az adó pontosságát. A pilóták feladata az volt, hogy bal bedöntéssel 10 kilométer sugarú kört repüljenek a VOR körül. A 10 kilométert a VOR adóra telepített távolságmérő berendezés, a DME segítségével tartották, a bal kör pedig részben a repülési szabályokkal, részben a VOR működésének sajátosságával magyarázható. A repülési szabályok előírták, hogy a speciális feladatot végző vagy vészhelyzetben lévő, és a rádiókapcsolatot felvenni nem tudó repülőgép az adó felett bal körözéssel jelezze ezt az irányításnak. A rádiókapcsolat természetesen megvolt, és a VOR körrepülésre tökéletesen illett a speciális feladat meghatározás. Ugyancsak a bal fordulót indokolta, hogy a VOR elvi alapját képező világítótornyokon is az óramutató járásával megegyező irányba forog a fény, ahogyan a VOR adó antennája is, a gépnek pedig forgásiránnyal szembe kellett repülnie a köröket. Gyakorlott műszerrepülők lévén a pilótáknak nem volt gondjuk a körrepüléssel, de a Jak-40-est kézzel vezetve folyamatos koncentrációt igényelt a sebesség, a magasság és a távolság tartása. Különösen akkor, ha nem volt DME és a kört egy nem irányított sugárzású adóra, az NDB-re építették fel. Az NDB-t nem mindig telepítették a VOR közvetlen közelébe, volt olyan helyszín, ahol másfél kilométerre állt az antenna. Ilyenkor a szabályos körök helyett kénytelenek voltak egy torzult „krumpliformát” repülni, ami megnehezítette a földi kollégák dolgát, mert műszerük optikai követőjével nem mindig tudták befogni a gépet.
Far-right forces emerged strengthened following the 2024 European Parliament elections. Nonetheless, they still remain divided within the legislative body. The European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) made moderate gains and is now joined by the Patriots for Europe (PfE) and Europe of Sovereign Nations (ESN) groups. Although the alliance of France’s National Rally and Hungary’s Fidesz has made the PfE the third-largest group in the Parliament, its direct influence is likely to remain limited. After all, the core interest of the PfE and its members is more focused on funding, publicity and national arenas. The biggest prize, however, is influence in the Council and European Council, where the PfE hopes to gain more direct say via national governments. This could have a lasting impact on European politics, however, it is less likely to affect members of the EP.
Görögországban mindennaposak a természetes környezetet pusztító tüzek. Most Korintosz környéke van soron, így a Vouraikosz-kanyonban harci gépre váró szpotterek kaphattak némi ízelítőt az oltásban részt vevô légi eszközökből.
Erickson S-64 Skycrane.
Vízvételezés a Korintoszi-öbölben.
Különleges Bell 214...
...ugyanaz, csak másik színben...
...és itt is zajlik a "szippantás".
Canadair reggeli vízvételezés után az öböl fölött.
Itt már dobás közben a CL-215 Mentourgianika falunál...
...ez pedig ugyanott, de a turboprop CL-415 változat.
Zord
Die Abteilung Unternehmen und Märkte analysiert das Verhalten von Unternehmen und dessen Folgen für Wachstum, Effizienz und Produktivität sowie institutionelle und politische Rahmenbedingungen, unter denen Unternehmen agieren. Mit mikroökonomisch gut fundierten empirischen Werkzeugen untersucht die Abteilung wirtschaftspolitische Fragen, um robuste Erkenntnisse und geeignete Instrumente für eine Evaluierung aktueller wirtschaftspolitischer Maßnahmen bereitzustellen. Besonderes Augenmerk gilt dabei der Evaluierung von Auswirkungen wirtschaftspolitischer Entscheidungen auf Marktergebnisse in den Bereichen Regulierung, Wettbewerbspolitik sowie Industrie- und Innovationspolitik.
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