Große Internetplattformen prägen Wirtschaft, Politik und Gesellschaft in der EU, stellen den Binnenmarkt vor neue Herausforderungen und sind wegen ihrer überwiegenden US-amerikanischen Herkunft auch zunehmend ein geopolitisches Konfliktthema. Online-Plattformen haben ambivalente Effekte: Sie fördern Integration, Innovation und Digitalisierung des Binnenmarkts, bergen aber zugleich Risiken wie Marktmachtmissbrauch, Desinformation und intransparente algorithmische Steuerung. Die EU hat ihren Regulierungsansatz deutlich verschärft, insbesondere mit den beiden Verordnungen DSA und DMA. Sie steht bei der Durchsetzung jedoch vor einer Reihe von Hürden: der nicht eindeutigen Rechtsklarheit, der asymmetrischen Ressourcenverteilung zwischen Regulierungsbehörden und großen digitalen Plattformen und der unzureichenden Verpflichtung zu algorithmischer Transparenz. Zur Stärkung der digitalen Souveränität wird die Einrichtung einer unabhängigen europäischen Digitalaufsicht empfohlen. Sie könnte darauf hinwirken, dass nationale Vollzugsdefizite und regulatorische Fragmentierung überwunden und Vorschriften einheitlich durchgesetzt werden. Digitale Regulierung allein reicht nicht aus: Sie muss durch eine umfassende industrie- und wettbewerbspolitische Strategie ergänzt werden, die das Wachstum europäischer Technologieunternehmen im globalen Wettbewerb fördert.
With the entry into force of the United Nations treaty for the protection of the high seas on 17 January, an important step has been taken towards the protection of “biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction” (BBNJ). The so-called BBNJ Agreement aims to promote the transparent and diverse exchange of knowledge about the high seas in order to strengthen environmental standards. However, against the backdrop of a geopolitical environment in which knowledge itself is increasingly politicised, the question arises as to how this knowledge diversity can be secured over the long term.
The Clearing-House Mechanism: Technical Tool or Political Lever?At the centre of this debate lies an instrument with an unassuming name: the so-called BBNJ Clearing-House Mechanism (CHM). It is intended to become a freely accessible platform on which information about activities on the high seas is collected, analysed, and shared. Its objectives include enhancing transparency among State Parties and relevant stakeholders, as well as facilitating international cooperation, particularly in scientific matters. Although the goals and basic structure of the CHM are defined in the treaty text, its concrete design remains the subject of ongoing negotiation – and it is precisely this element that makes the mechanism politically contested.
The treaty text explicitly opens the possibility of incorporating different forms of knowledge into decision-making processes through the CHM. In particular, diverse knowledge systems could be systematically integrated within the framework put forward for mandatory environmental impact assessments. States would be required not only to assess potential environmental impacts, but also to consider the economic, social, cultural, health-related, and cumulative effects of planned activities that take place in or affect the high seas. Such a comprehensive assessment of impacts necessitates contributions from a range of scientific disciplines as well as the knowledge of Indigenous Peoples and local communities.
A further opportunity for the practical implementation of knowledge pluralism is found in the provisions concerning the composition of the Scientific and Technical Body (STB). The relevant wording in the agreement suggests that this body should go beyond purely natural scientific expertise and incorporate a broader spectrum of local, traditional, and Indigenous knowledge related to the marine environment. Since the STB can issue recommendations about activities in areas beyond national jurisdiction on the basis of information provided through the CHM, this represents a key lever for translating the knowledge diversity promised in the treaty text into practice. This depends, however, on whether the STB is in fact constituted in a way that ensures adequate representation of different knowledge systems.
Political Conflicts Delay the Implementation of the AgreementDespite the treaty’s promising language, the concrete design of the CHM remains politically contentious. Within the Preparatory Commission (PrepCom), which is tasked with operationalising the agreement, this issue has emerged as one of the central points of conflict. At a PrepCom meeting in August 2025, Parties were unable to reach agreement on the composition of an informal expert group intended to develop the technical aspects of the CHM. The selection process for this informal group is of strategic importance, as it could set a precedent for the composition of other BBNJ bodies. Whereas some states are advocating for the broad inclusion of a range of knowledge holders, others seek to reduce the CHM to a purely natural scientific and technical function guided exclusively by academic expertise. Critics warn that such an approach could privilege natural scientific knowledge from the Global North and marginalise social scientific, local, or traditional forms of knowledge.
Against the background of recent attempts by individual states, including the United States, to restrict access to marine data, it becomes clear that knowledge about the oceans is itself increasingly becoming an object of political contestation. Germany and the EU have repeatedly spoken out during international forums in favour of the freedom and diversity of science. In the context of the ongoing negotiations on the operationalisation of the BBNJ Agreement, they should therefore make targeted efforts to ensure that knowledge diversity within the agreement is not merely recognised normatively, but institutionally safeguarded as well. This is primarily about preventing the privileging of certain forms of knowledge within BBNJ bodies, such as the Scientific and Technical Body. At the same time, the CHM platform itself must be designed in such a way that different knowledge types can be made equally accessible.
With climate change advancing, the planned relocation of entire communities from risk areas is becoming unavoidable. It is already a reality worldwide and will become increasingly necessary in the future as a measure of climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction. Relocation can save lives and reduce the risk of displacement. Nevertheless, this measure is considered a “last resort” because it is expensive, deeply affects livelihoods, social networks and cultural identities, and carries new risks. To be effective, it must be participatory, human rights-based, and accompanied by development-oriented measures that strengthen the well-being and resilience of those affected and reduce structural inequalities. Many places lack the political will, concrete strategies and resources for this – especially in low-income countries with already limited adaptation capacities. These countries are therefore heavily dependent on international support, which has mostly been fragmented, ad hoc and uncoordinated. The longer the absence of adequate structures persists, the greater the risk that human security will be severely compromised, fundamental human rights violated and entire communities (once again) displaced – posing risks to regional stability and global security. The German government should specifically address gaps in the international system, facilitate access to knowledge and resources, and strengthen multi-sectoral learning. Germany’s current engagement in Fiji should be expanded in the medium term to other climate-vulnerable regions and countries, with a focus on community-driven relocation projects.
Die Epoche der Pax Americana, die nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg Deutschlands und Europas Sicherheit garantierte, kommt an ihr Ende. Die Europäer können sich nicht mehr auf die Allianz und Partnerschaft mit den USA verlassen. Deshalb sucht Europa Wege aus der gefährlichen Abhängigkeit von Washington, die – auch über die Präsidentschaft von Donald Trump hinaus – Frieden, Demokratie und Wohlstand auf dem Kontinent sichern. Das ist nicht von heute auf morgen zu bewerkstelligen, sondern erfordert über die nächsten fünf bis zehn Jahre einen erheblichen Aufwuchs an Ressourcen und strategische Überlegungen. Die vierzehn Beiträge dieser SWP-Studie zeigen, wie unterschiedlich die Ausgangsbedingungen und Potentiale je nach Politikfeld und Herausforderungen sind, um Strategien des Übergangs zu entwickeln. Dabei ziehen die Europäer mit Blick auf Washington ein Miteinander, Ohneeinander und sogar Gegeneinander ins Kalkül. Entsprechend fallen die Analysen zur Agency der Europäer und den Spielräumen für eine europäische Russland-, Nahost- und Chinapolitik sehr differenziert aus. Die Trumpsche Logik des schnellen Dealmakings und der Unilateralismus unter den Vorzeichen von »MAGA« kollidieren vielfach und prinzipiell mit der multilateralen, an das Völkerrecht gebundenen Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik und einem nachhaltigen Friedensengagement der EU. Stichworte für die dringliche Neuorganisation von Sicherheit in Europa sind die Europäisierung der Nato und eigene militärische Fähigkeiten, neue sicherheitspolitische Führungskonstellationen in Europa und eine Governance in der Technologie- und Cybersicherheitspolitik, die konfliktfähig und resilient ist. Auch in der geopolitischen Zeitenwende sollte die EU ihre Soft Power fortentwickeln. Bei den existentiellen Fragen des globalen Regierens – von der UN- und Völkerrechtspolitik über die internationale Handelspolitik bis hin zur Klima- und Energiepolitik – müssen die Europäer neue Partnerschaften und gegebenenfalls auch neue institutionelle Lösungen ohne und gegen die USA finden.