Seit dem Jahr 2011 sind über fünf Millionen Zuwanderer aus anderen EU-Ländern nach Deutschland eingewandert – DIW-Simulation zeigt, dass diese Zuwanderung das BIP-Wachstum um durchschnittlich 0,2 Prozentpunkte pro Jahr erhöht hat – Es muss mehr für qualifikationsgerechte Erwerbschancen getan werden, zum Beispiel über bessere Anerkennung ausländischer Abschlüsse
Die Zuwanderung aus anderen Ländern der EU hat das BIP-Wachstum Deutschlands in den Jahren 2011 bis 2016 um durchschnittlich 0,2 Prozentpunkte pro Jahr verstärkt – für einzelne Jahre wie zum Beispiel 2015, den Höhepunkt der EU-Zuwanderung, sogar um mehr (0,3 Prozentpunkte). Die Besetzung von Stellen durch Zuwanderer erhöht die gesamtwirtschaftliche Beschäftigung und führt zu einer zusätzlichen Konsumnachfrage. Sie vermeidet zudem Engpässe auf dem Arbeitsmarkt, die zu höheren Produktionskosten und höheren Preisen geführt und das Wachstum entsprechend reduziert hätten. Das haben der Konjunkturforscher Marius Clemens vom Deutschen Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung (DIW Berlin) und seine Koautorin Janine Hart von der Universität Potsdam in einer neuen Studie herausgefunden.
Herr Clemens, wie viele Menschen sind in den letzten Jahren insgesamt nach Deutschland eingewandert und wie viele davon stammen aus Europa?
Seit 2011 sind gut neun Millionen Zuwanderer aus der ganzen Welt nach Deutschland gekommen, davon knapp über die Hälfte aus der EU. Sehr viele davon kommen aus den osteuropäischen Ländern und einige aus Südeuropa, also Italien, Spanien und Griechenland. [...]
Die Europäische Kommission hat den Haushaltsentwurf der italienischen Regierung abgelehnt – ein Novum in der Geschichte der EU. Nun hat die Regierung bis Mitte November Zeit nachzubessern. Dass dies geschieht und die EU-Kommission den Haushalt anschließend genehmigen kann, ist angesichts der verhärteten Fronten zwischen Brüssel und Rom alles andere als sicher. Sollte kein Kompromiss gefunden werden und die italienische Regierung den vorliegenden Plan in der bestehenden Form umsetzen, könnte sich die EU-Kommission in letzter Instanz genötigt sehen, ein Defizitverfahren gegen Italien zu eröffnen. Daraus resultierende Sanktionen würden die Kosten des Haushaltsstreits für die italienischen Steuerzahlerinnen und Steuerzahler weiter in die Höhe treiben. Schon jetzt sind die Zinsen auf italienische Staatsanleihen gestiegen. Zudem dürfte sich die Unsicherheit an den Finanzmärkten mit Blick auf die Stabilität in Europa weiter erhöhen. [...]
On Friday, November 2nd, IPI is hosting the latest event in its series featuring United Nations humanitarian coordinators and other senior humanitarian leaders. This discussion with Mr. Volker Türk, Assistant High Commissioner for Protection at the United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR), will focus on pressing contemporary protection challenges, as well as the forthcoming Global Compact on Refugees.
Remarks will begin at 1:15pm EST / 10:15am PST
Given the complex nature of conflicts and other crises today, protecting refugees from violence and providing for their needs presents a number of challenges. An increase in armed conflicts has led to massive displacement, with 68.5 million internally displaced persons and refugees in dire need of humanitarian protection.
This event aims to raise awareness of the challenges faced by the UN, states, and other actors in responding to a range of protection challenges for refugees. It will also address the forthcoming Global Compact on Refugees and its importance for the protection of displaced populations.
Speaker:
Mr. Volker Türk, Assistant High Commissioner for Protection, United Nations Refugee Agency
Moderator:
Dr. Adam Lupel, Vice President, IPI
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An audience of ambassadors, government officials, dignitaries, religious leaders, young people and the media gathered at IPI’s regional office in Manama for the launch of a new book, The Arabs at the Crossroad. The book’s author, Special Envoy of the Royal Court, Samira Rajab engaged participants in a constructive debate on the most pressing issues in the MENA region, drawing on developments covered by the book.
Nejib Friji, Director of IPI-MENA, gave opening remarks. As the book provides insight into a number of the questions raised by members of the IPI Taskforce on Regional Integration in the Middle East, he said the launch was timely. The taskforce calls for critical assessment of where the region is heading, as well as, looks for ways to engage constructively with challenges.
Ms. Rajab elaborated on the “game of nations” described in the book, placing it in historical and political context. “In view of the formidable obstacles and knowledge barriers,” she said the book aimed to “shed some light” for Arabs and researchers alike.
She noted that in an environment of change, “cohesion and Arab integration as a single bloc force,” was important.
Mokhtar Ben Abdellawi, Professor of Philosophy and Arabic and Islamic Studies at Hassan II University in Morocco, stressed the need for integration and a multi-pronged approach to face the integration challenges in the MENA region.
Discussant Mahmood Sayed Daood, Professor of Politics and International Relations at the University of Bahrain, stated that “one of the singled out deficits in knowledge and education created generations with cultural shortfalls that affected the level of cultural, political and moral maturity.”
Reflecting on the recent wars in Iraq and Libya, which have thrown the MENA region into chaos, he lamented the absence of international law in those conflicts. He referred to the author’s calls for restoring the central role of the state, religion as a moderate creed, and regional order to achieve integration, cooperation and development.
The conversation continued with government officials and diplomats, including Hala Al Ansari, Secretary-General of the Supreme Council for Women. She called for a more thorough approach to solving the regional deficiencies, highlighting the pivotal roles of women and civil society in finding a way out of the multipronged crisis.
Abdullatif Al Mahmood, Head the Al-Fateh National Coalition, a main political party, said, “Arab thinkers and politicians should stop blaming the West and foreign forces for our failures. Our deficiencies are our own responsibility.”
Libyan Ambassador to Bahrain, Fawzi Taher Ahmed Abdelali, stressed that “looking for the roots of problems should be done within our political, cultural and intellectual circles, not abroad. Most of our problems are caused by our systems.”
Ahmed Rachid Khattabi, Moroccan Ambassador to Bahrain, emphasized that “the key role to finding solutions to our problems remains within the intellectual sphere.” Despite this, many intellectuals remain sidelined. He also stressed the need to reform educational programs that are not fit for purpose.
Egyptian Ambassador to Bahrain, Soha Ibrahim El Far, referred to the importance of regional integration. Such challenges should be met by all layers of society, she said, urging IPI to further analyze this through an inclusive process involving the private sector, youth and civil society.
Abdulla Al Moghabi, a representative of the Muslim Shia community and a member of IPI-MENA’s Interfaith Dialogue, criticized agenda-oriented religious figures who have “hijacked religion” to fan the flames of sectarianism and division.
Other discussants included Honorary Judge of the Constitutional Court, Noefel Ghorbel, and Fawzia Rasheed, a writer for Gulf Daily News (GDN).
The event was moderated by Nejib Friji.
Read the related coverage in Arabic and English here>>
Political map of Mali (Click for full graphic)
Violence associated with terrorist and extremist groups in Mali (Jan. 2017-Sept. 2018)(Click for full graphic)
In the non-permissive environments where they are often deployed, UN peace operations need to be increasingly creative to implement their mandate to protect civilians. They face particularly acute challenges in contexts marked by violent extremism, such as Mali, where attacks by terrorist groups have greatly constrained the capacity of peacekeepers to protect local populations.
This paper explores the operational challenges that the UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) faces in implementing its protection mandate. It analyzes protection threats related to violent extremism in Mali and explores the protection strategy, tools, and activities developed by the UN mission to address those threats. It highlights some of the practical constraints of operating in a hostile environment and added complications related to the mission’s proximity to non-UN counterterrorism forces.
The Malian case demonstrates that each peacekeeping theater needs to be its own laboratory for POC and that approaches, tools, and mechanisms are not directly replicable from one UN mission to another. The report makes three recommendations to improve the delivery of MINUSMA’s protection mandate:
Engaging non-state armed groups (NSAGs) is an essential tool for the protection of civilians (POC), a priority mandate and core objective for peace operations. Beyond the use of force to prevent or stop armed groups from threatening local populations, multidimensional missions can use a wide range of unarmed strategies, such as dialogue and engagement, to counter hostilities from non-state actors.
This paper looks at how, when, and why UN missions engage with NSAGs. It gives an overview of current practice, drawing on the experiences of the missions in Afghanistan, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Mali. It then examines the risks of engaging NSAGs and how POC mandates can help missions navigate these risks. Finally, it looks at peace operations’ unique capacities to engage with NSAGs and how best to leverage them.
Civilian protection is ever more urgent, and engaging NSAGs is crucial to this work. A pragmatic approach, anchored in POC considerations, can help guide missions through potentially polarizing debates and safeguard UN principles while simultaneously allowing them to adapt more effectively to the challenges they face.
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The year 2020 will mark the 20th anniversary of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace, and Security (WPS). Despite two decades of WPS policy development and commitments, women’s meaningful participation at all decision-making levels lags due to structural barriers, lack of access to political arenas, and even threats to women who attempt to participate in these processes. In efforts to build and sustain peace, there remains a widespread neglect for the expertise of local-level women peacebuilders, and formal peacemaking efforts continue to be resistant to women’s meaningful participation and to women’s rights.
To address these barriers, governments and the UN have recently been taking steps at the national and regional levels on women’s leadership, including by launching networks of women mediators and leaders. An October 24th evening reception at IPI brought together researchers, policy makers, and practitioners to discuss the potential of the WPS agenda, as well as existing challenges and ways to address them.
The event was co-hosted with the Permanent Mission of Norway to the UN, the Crisis Management Initiative (CMI), and the Inclusive Peace & Transition Initiative (IPTI). It drew on the insights of participating women peacebuilders, and IPTI and IPI research. The discussion shed light on various initiatives at the national, regional, and international levels, and surfaced questions and issues for member states, the UN, and NGOs to consider as their work continues.
In opening remarks, Adam Lupel, IPI Vice President, noted that “women must be at the center of all peace efforts at large. We must recognize that this is not just a matter of developing policy and making formal commitments; it is about recognizing the structural barriers to participation and about taking action to remove them.”
Despite the remaining barriers to achieving the WPS agenda by 2020, Mari Skåre, Deputy Permanent Representative, Permanent Mission of Norway to the UN, highlighted the importance of the progress the agenda had made so far. “Yes, there remain real hindrances for women’s participation, and yes, discrimination against women is one of the key hindrances we need to tackle,” she said. “I would like to say to you that we are transforming our societies: it’s not a matter of when or if we are doing it; we are doing it now. We see progress as a result of this work.” She emphasized that, “We need your leadership, your competence, to keep us accountable.”
Speaking from experience, Cathérine Samba-Panza, Co-Chair of the Network of African Women in Conflict Prevention and Mediation (FemWise), and the former president of the Central African Republic, said that when “faced with conflict, women are indeed in the first line.” She continued, stating that women are often “the first victims, and they know all the challenges, difficulties, and implications of the conflict.” But when it comes time for peace talks, and you look at the table, “They are not there.”
“Everywhere around the world, women have decided that they will no longer stay at this level as victims, they want to be around the table,” she said. “It’s not just about wanting to be at the table but wanting to bring solutions; and their voice is not heard; it is not taken into account.”
She said that in her country, “Women are brought to speak with armed groups to see what their grievances are and to try to address them. But when we arrive at the moment of peace talks, the women are no longer present.” She said that among political figures, armed groups, and militia leaders, she saw no women.
Norwegian Major General Kristin Lund, Head of Mission and Chief of Staff of the United Nations Truce Supervision, made reference to the value of networks of women mediators, saying that “the military are often the first responders, and it’s a tool that I think [mediator networks are] so important…That’s why I think education of our military leaders is very important.”
She reflected on her experience as the first female Force Commander of a UN peacekeeping operation. “I’ve been fighting all my life to go through that glass ceiling and when you get through, you have to make sure you inspire other women,” she said. “Now when I travel, gender is on the agenda.”
Thania Paffenholz, Director of the Inclusive Peace & Transition Initiative, asked about “how we can use our roles as women and learn in a positive transformative way.” She made note of the limitations of using quotas. “If you put a quota, you will not necessarily get feminists in,” she said, “There’s a danger that we are just changing the players and not the game. If we just add women and the system doesn’t change, we will not change.”
Moderator and IPI Research Fellow Sarah Taylor concluded by echoing a point from the day’s meeting of women mediators: “Adding women to a broken process does not fix a broken process,” she said. “The point is to try to fix the system and not to fix the women.”
Die EU-Kommission hat den Haushaltsentwurf Italiens abgelehnt. DIW-Konjunkturökonom Stefan Gebauer gibt eine Einschätzung, wie sich der Haushaltsstreit lösen lassen kann. Er betont, dass die wirtschaftlichen Probleme Italiens struktureller Natur seien – und die EU bei ihrer Kritik nicht nur auf die Höhe der geplanten Neuverschuldung schauen, sondern auch berücksichtigen sollte, ob mit den vorgesehenen Maßnahmen Wirtschaftswachstum in Italien generiert werden kann.
Zur Mitarbeiterseite von Stefan Gebauer
Aleksandra Peeva, has successfully defended her dissertation at the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.
The dissertation with the title "Political Goals, Economic Constraints: Explaining the Motivation and Effects of Economic Sanctions" was supervised by Prof. Marcel Fratzscher, Ph.D. (DIW Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin) and Prof. Dr. Nikolaus Wolf (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin).
We congratulate Aleksandra on her success and wish her all the best for her future career!
On Thursday, October 25th, IPI together with the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research and the Permanent Mission of Japan to the United Nations are cohosting an evening panel discussion on the role of conventional arms control in preventing conflicts and building peace. The event will take place at IPI on Thursday, October 25, 2018, from 6:00pm to 7:30pm.
Remarks will begin at 6:15pm EST / 3:15pm PST
Poor regulation of arms and ammunition is a key enabler of conflict and a means of sustaining it. Peace and sustainable development cannot be achieved without effective conventional arms control. Despite this, conventional arms control is rarely integrated into conflict prevention thinking and action. The Secretary-General’s Agenda for Disarmament calls for an examination of how disarmament and arms
control can contribute to conflict prevention.
This event, held during the opening week of the 73rd session of the UN General Assembly’s Committee on Disarmament, aims to improve understanding of the roles and impact of conventional arms in preventing and managing conflicts, as well as to examine approaches to better identify, utilize, and integrate conventional arms control measures and tools to sustain peace.
Opening remarks:
H.E. Mr. Yasuhisa Kawamura, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Deputy Representative of Japan to the United Nations
H.E. Mr. Aidan Liddle, UK Ambassador and Permanent Representative to the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva
Dr. Renata Dwan, Director, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research
Speakers:
Mr. Asif Khan, Chief of Mediation Support Unit, UN Department of Political Affairs
Mr. Thomas Kontogeorgos, Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Service, UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations
Mr. Himayu Shiotani, Programme Lead, Conventional Arms Programme, UNIDIR
Dr. Youssef Mahmoud, Senior Adviser, IPI
Moderator:
Mr. Jake Sherman, Director of the Brian Urquhart Center for Peace Operations, IPI
On Friday, October 26th, IPI together with the Directorate General for International Relations and Strategy (DGRIS) of the French Ministry of Defense and the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands are cohosting a seminar on “Protecting Civilians and Managing Threats: Non-state Armed Groups, Violent Extremism, and the Role of UN Peace Operations.”
Remarks will begin at 10:15am EST / 7:15am PST
This seminar will explore difficulties faced by UN peace operations to protect civilians in complex environments, where creative solutions are needed to address non-state armed groups and violent extremism. It will provide the opportunity to present and discuss two IPI policy papers focusing on “engaging armed groups for the protection of civilians” and “protecting civilians in contexts of violent extremism and counter-terrorism.” Both papers will be published in October as part of IPI’s Protection of Civilians project.
Welcoming Remarks:
Opening Remarks:
Mr. David Haeri, Director, Division of Policy, Evaluation and Training, UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations/Department of Field Support
10:30am-12:15pm Session 1: Engaging Armed Groups for the Protection of Civilians
Speakers include:
Moderator:
Dr. Youssef Mahmoud, Senior Advisor, International Peace Institute
Keynote:
Ms. Bintou Keita, Assistant Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, United Nations
1:00pm-2:45pm Session 2: Protection of Civilians in Contexts of Violent Extremism
Speakers include:
Moderator:
Mr. Jake Sherman, Director of the Brian Urquhart Center for Peace Operations, International Peace Institute
Wir wollen gesünder leben, geben beim Einkauf aber süßen Verlockungen nach. Wir müssten, sorgen aber nur unzureichend finanziell für das Alter vor. Unser ökonomisches Verhalten ist inkonsistent, kontextabhängig, geprägt von Heuristiken, Verzerrungen, wie Altersaversion, Gegenwartspräferenz, Daumenregeln, sozialen Normen. Dies lehrt uns die Verhaltensökonomik. Ihr Instrument dagegen sind „Nudges – sanfte Stupser“. Damit sollen die Menschen zu ihrem Wohl minimalintensiv beeinflusst werden, ohne ihre Optionen einzuschränken.
In dem Vierteljahrsheft werden kontroverse Aspekte von Nudges diskutiert: Ethische Merkmale und das Menschenbild des Konzepts werden unterschiedlich beurteilt. Legitime Nudges sollten zumindest nicht einschränken, nicht manipulieren, transparent kommuniziert werden. Das fortlaufende Lernen neuer Präferenzen wird als ein Gegenentwurf formuliert. Begründet wird, warum Nudging in Unternehmen nicht paternalistisch sei. Vertreten wird, Nudges wirkten beschleunigend als „behavioural spin“, seien aber rekonfigurierte konventionelle Instrumente. Berichtet wird über die internationale Etablierung des Politikkonzepts durch Institutionalisierung. Vorteile von Global Nudges werden unterbreitet, die als ergänzende Instrumente bei Entscheidungen über globale öffentliche Güter (Klimawandel, Finanzmarkt) eingesetzt werden könnten.
Inhalt der Ausgabe 1/2018:
Jana Friedrichsen, Kornelia Hagen und Lilo Wagner
Stupsen und Schubsen (Nudging): Ein neues verhaltensbasiertes Regulierungskonzept?
Ludger Heidbrink und Andrea Klonschinski
Nudges, Transparenz und Autonomie – Eine normativ gehaltvolle Kategorisierung von Maßnahmen des Nudgings
Malte F. Dold und Christian Schubert
Wohin nudgen? Zum Menschenbild des Libertären Paternalismus
Kathrin Loer und Alexander Leipold
Varianten des Nudgings? Verhaltenswissenschaften und ihr Einfluss auf politische Instrumente
Rebecca C. Ruehle
Unterschiede in der ethischen Bewertung staatlichen und unternehmerischen Nudgings
Holger Straßheim und Rebecca-Lea Korinek
Welten der Verhaltenspolitik: Nudging im inter- und transnationalen Vergleich
Andreas Friedl, Felix Gelhaar, Patrick Ring und Christoph Schütt
Global Nudging als Politikkonzept zur Bewältigung globaler Herausforderungen
Lena Detlefsen und Menusch Khadjavi
Akzeptanz und Effektivität kognitiver und moralischer Nudges
Corinna Michel und Julius Schneider
Soziale Normen als Instrument des Nudgings: Ein Experiment
Beate Gebhardt
Nachhaltigkeitsawards – Ein politisches Instrument der individuellen Verhaltensbeeinflussung?
Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung 1/2018