Written by Yann-Sven Rittelmeyer.
The Spanish Constitution of 1978 established a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy with a bicameral system in the Cortes Generales (Spanish Parliament). The two chambers are the Congreso de los Diputados (Congress of Deputies) and the Senado (Senate). Both the Congress and the Senate represent the Spanish people, but the Senate is explicitly designated as the House of territorial representation.
Article 137 of the Constitution formalises a quasi-federal system of self-governing regions (CCAA) made up of 17 Comunidades Autónomas and two Ciudades Autónomas, each of which have their regional executive, legislative and judicial branches of governmental administration.
The members of the Congress are elected by universal, free, equal, direct and secret suffrage via a system of proportional representation with closed party lists. The electoral districts are provinces, and each province is allotted a minimum initial representation, while the remaining seats are distributed in proportion to population. Deputies are elected to serve four- year terms, but elections are often called earlier. The last time a term reached its full length was in 2011-2015. Since December 2015, five general elections have taken place, with the latest one on 23 July 2023.
Senators are either elected by provincial constituencies or appointed by regional parliaments. Most of the senators (around three quarters of them in past terms) are elected by universal, free, equal, secret and direct suffrage via a majority system. Voters cast ballots for individual candidates on open lists, meaning they can vote for candidates from different political groups. The appointment of senators by regional parliaments is made through indirect elections: one senator for each CCAA and additional ones for every million inhabitants.
Senators are – similarly to the Congress – elected for four years, but regional legislatures may recall their appointees (Section 18, f, Standing Orders of the Senate). Formally, elections for the Congress and the Senate can be held on different days, but in practice they have always taken place simultaneously.
The powers of the Cortes Generales are enshrined in the Constitution, which holds common provisions for the two Houses as well as specific provisions for each. The main functions of the Cortes Generales are legislative, budgetary (approval of annual state revenue and expenditure), and supervisory (controlling the actions of the government). As far as the CCAAs are concerned, the Constitution lists the competences they may assume (Article 148), allowing for successive expansions through negotiations and/or reforms of their Statutes of Autonomy, within the limits of the exclusive State competences (Article 149). The CCAAs have extended their authority to different areas due to the diversity in each region’s necessities.
The Congress possesses greater legislative power than the Senate. The Congress is the first to be informed about procedures of bills and budgets and it can over-ride most Senate measures. While the Senate offers the possibility of examining the decisions made by the Congress by means of vetoes or amendments, the Congress has the final decision. Furthermore, the Congress authorises the formation of the government and has authority to cause its cessation.
Read the complete briefing on ‘The Spanish Parliament and EU affairs‘ in the Think Tank pages of the European Parliament.
Chaque été, quatre femmes rassemblent des jeunes et partent vivre un mois dans un village pour lui insuffler un nouveau souffle, aider les seniors isolés et leur donner la possibilité de transmettre leurs riches savoirs.
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