Afrique

Written by Rosamund Shreeves

Facts and figures

Female genital mutilation (FGM) includes all procedures that intentionally alter or cause injury to the female genital organs for non-medical purposes. FGM is carried out for cultural, religious and social reasons, mostly on young girls between infancy and the age of 15. It has no health benefits and can result in serious effects on health and wellbeing, even death, while generating considerable healthcare costs.

The exact number of girls and women affected by FGM is not known, but the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) estimates that, worldwide, at least 200 million women and girls have been ‘cut’, while around four million girls are at risk of undergoing FGM every year. The practice, most common in 28 African countries, is also prevalent in parts of the Middle East and Asia, and reported to a lesser extent elsewhere.

Analysis shows that FGM has declined strongly in some countries over the past decade but stagnated in others. Progress is threatened by population growth in high-risk areas, increased vulnerability in humanitarian contexts, crossing borders to evade prohibition, and – as in The Gambia in 2024 and 2026 – attempts to reverse legislation outlawing the practice. FGM performed by health professionals is gaining traction and now represents 1 in 4 cases according to World Health Organization estimates. This does not reduce harm and is contrary to medical ethics.

Data on FGM prevalence in Europe are lacking. The European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) is developing a common methodology for collecting administrative data and supporting the collection of data on women and girls at risk in the EU. The four studies it conducted between 2012 and 2020 found that there are victims (or potential victims) in at least 16 EU countries: Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Greece, Spain, France, Italy, Cyprus, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, Finland and Sweden. The European End FGM network estimates that there are over 600 000 FGM survivors living in Europe and that 180 000 girls are at risk in 13 European countries alone. Around 20 000 women and girls from FGM-practising countries seek asylum in the EU every year, with an estimated 1 000  asylum claims relating directly to FGM.

Commitments and action to combat FGM

FGM is a form of child abuse and gender-based violence, recognised internationally as a violation of the human rights of girls and women. The practice also violates a person’s rights to health, security and physical integrity; the right to be free from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment; and the right to life in cases where the procedure results in death. Measures have been adopted at international, EU and national level to prevent FGM and to protect FGM victims.

Instruments and action at international level

At international level, United Nations (UN), African Union and Council of Europe standards are benchmarks for work to combat FGM. Treaties, including the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and the Geneva Convention, all cover FGM indirectly, with specific guidance on protection and asylum for victims. In Africa, the parties to the Maputo Protocol (Article V) and Convention on Ending Violence Against Women and Girls commit to eliminate FGM. The Council of Europe’s Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (Istanbul Convention) is the first treaty to recognise that FGM exists in Europe (Article 38). It sets out obligations on preventing and combating the practice and providing support for victims and those at risk. The UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development identifies FGM as a harmful practice, to be eliminated by 2030 (SDG 5, target 5.3). The EU is committed to the 2030 Agenda and bound by the Istanbul Convention in areas of EU competence, including judicial cooperation in criminal matters and asylum policy. The first EU monitoring report under the Convention highlights work to improve data collection and support victims. The European Commission also reports on EU efforts to combat FGM on or around 6 February every year.

EU legislation, policy and funding

The EU Treaties and the Charter of Fundamental Rights affirm the principles of gender equality and non-discrimination and guarantee the right to dignity and physical and mental integrity. FGM is a prosecutable offence under national law in all EU Member States, either as a specific criminal act or as an act of bodily harm or injury. Under the EU Directive on combating violence against women, to be transposed by 14 June 2027, all Member States must criminalise FGM as a specific offence and set a maximum prison sentence of not less than five years for perpetrators. To complement the directive, the Commission has committed to table a recommendation on preventing and combating FGM and other harmful practices. EU asylum law recognises FGM victims as vulnerable applicants requiring specific support. Legislation on reception and international protection that is applicable since 1 January 2026 and revisions to EU law on victims’ rights should strengthen support for victims of FGM. Research by EIGE shows a need for coherent implementation of migration law and policy to ensure that women and girls affected by or at risk of FGM can access protection.

Combating gender-based violence, including FGM, is a priority of the EU’s current external action plan for gender equality (GAP III) and its strategies on children’s rights and gender equality. The EU has a coordinated approach to combating FGM across the fields of justice, police, health, social services, child protection, education, immigration and asylum and external relations. The objectives include developing reliable EU-level data, improving access to support and justice for victims, raising awareness among relevant professionals and communities, ensuring that EU asylum and victim protection law is implemented effectively and promoting the elimination of FGM worldwide.

EU external funding supports the UNFPA-UNICEF Joint Programme to eliminate FGM and the joint EU-UN Spotlight Initiative, whose holistic approach has led to promising practices. The Commission has recognised the need for further action to raise awareness in the communities concerned within the EU. Funding for this and support for frontline organisations is available under the citizens, equality, rights and values programme for 2021 to 2027, notably the longstanding Daphne strand, which focused on combating harmful practices in 2022 and 2025.

Outlook

The UN is highlighting an urgent need to step up efforts to meet the target of eliminating FGM by 2030 and highlights an estimated global funding gap of US$2.1 billion. Against this backdrop and funding cuts to UNFPA, UNICEF, and organisations supporting women and girls, for the 2026 International Day of Zero Tolerance for FGM the UN is calling for commitment and sustained investment. Civil society organisations are urging the EU to use the new legislation on violence against women and on asylum, the implementation of the expected 2026-2030 EU gender equality strategy and the preparation of the next multiannual budget and external gender action plan, to build on existing efforts to improve FGM prevention and support for survivors. They are also calling for commensurate, dedicated funding through the proposed citizens, equality, rights and values (CERV+) programme and Global Europe budgetary instrument.

European Parliament position

The European Parliament has played an important role in raising awareness and pushing for firm action on FGM, including through the work of its Committee on Women’s Rights and Gender Equality (FEMM). Parliament adopted resolutions on FGM in 2001, 2009, 2012, 2014, and 2018, calling on the Commission and Member States to provide the legal and other means required to raise awareness, protect and support victims and ensure that offenders are prosecuted. It has also set out its own recommendations for an EU strategy to put an end to FGM around the world and denounced moves to repeal legal protections. At an exchange of views on FGM in the EU in June 2025, Members stressed the need to follow up on the provisions on FGM in the Directive on combating violence against women.

This publication is a further update of an ‘at a glance’ note originally published in January 2015.

Read this ‘at a glance’ note on ‘Ending female genital mutilation: A call to action‘ in the Think Tank pages of the European Parliament.

La Cour constitutionnelle a confirmé la suspension de Belinda Balluku, soupçonnée d'avoir manipulé plusieurs appels d'offres publics. Cette décision est un camouflet pour le Premier ministre Edi Rama et pourrait ouvrir la voie à la levée de l'immunité protégeant sa vice-Première ministre.

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This chapter analyses the digital divide in Africa by offering both a global perspective and a comparative examination of its various dimensions across and within African states. The main objective is to give an overview of the overall situation and trends in terms of moving African digital access from gaps to goals. In view of this objective, it describes overall trends to provide a continental perspective and does not provide a detailed description as to why individual countries perform differently from others. The chapter was prepared jointly with chapter 5 that analyses key policy dimensions and international cooperation initiatives focused on digital access, with a key focus on the European Union’s Global Gateway and the Italian government’s Mattei Plan.

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Written by Clare Ferguson with Sara Raja.

Parliament has consistently highlighted the need to protect children online, addressing issues such as cyberbullying, hate speech, child sexual abuse and mental health risks. The European Commission is due to put forward an EU action plan against cyberbullying aimed at protecting children, young adults and others at particular risk online. The plan should address the lack of a common definition of cyberbullying along with proposals for prevention and awareness-raising measures. Members are set to debate the cyberbullying action plan following a Commission statement on Tuesday.

With a Committee on Employment and Social Affairs (EMPL) report calling for stronger EU coordination, Members are due to debate the development of the EU’s first-ever anti-poverty strategy on Wednesday. The EMPL report highlights the multidimensional nature of poverty, particularly among children, people with disabilities, older people and those in precarious employment. It also stresses the need to improve minimum income schemes, and the importance of quality jobs, effective social protection and access to public services. Finally, the report calls for adequate funding, including through the 2028–2034 multiannual financial framework (MFF), to support implementation of the strategy, improve coherence across existing initiatives and contribute to the goal of eradicating poverty by 2035, including through access to affordable essential goods and housing.

Workplace incidents remain a significant challenge in the EU, particularly in the construction, transport, and manufacturing sectors. Parliament has urged action, particularly on contractor and subcontractor liability, and an EMPL report tabled for debate on Wednesday reiterates this call. The report calls for a comprehensive strategy against labour exploitation, including tackling illegal work, organised crime and abusive business practices such as some subcontracting activities. It highlights the need for effective enforcement through closer cooperation between the European Labour Authority, Europol, national authorities and social partners.

On Tuesday, Parliament is set to consider a provisional text on a regulation implementing the bilateral safeguard clause for agricultural products incorporated into the trade pillar of the EU-Mercosur Partnership Agreement. The safeguard clause would allow the EU to temporarily suspend Mercosur tariff preferences and reinstate most-favoured nation duties under stricter and faster procedures should imports undercut EU prices or represent a danger to EU producers. In the provisional text, Parliament succeeded in lowering the thresholds for triggering a safeguard investigation from 10 % to 5 % and extending the reference period to three years. The Commission may also, at the request of EU industry, extend monitoring to products or sectors not listed in the regulation.

Late payment, last-minute order cancellations, and unilateral contract changes on the part of large buyers in a different country can considerably harm EU farmers’ businesses. While the Unfair Trading Practices (UTP) Directive seeks to protect farmers from such activities, Members are expected to consider a provisional agreement on strengthening the directive on Thursday. A Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development (AGRI) report proposes extending the rules to operators based outside the EU whose commercial activities target the EU internal market. It also suggests establishing alerts on cross-border UTPs. Under the provisional agreement, national authorities would be required to act on their own initiative to stop cross-border UTPs, even in the absence of a formal complaint.

The EU wine sector is facing change, both in growing conditions and drinking habits, leading to a risk of surplus production. On Monday, Members are scheduled to debate a provisional agreement reached with the Council on amending several EU rules governing the sector. An AGRI committee report calls for a higher EU co-financing rate for vineyard restructuring. The provisional agreement proposes to harmonise labelling, particularly regarding alcohol content and to increase EU and national support to promote high-quality European wines outside the EU.

On Tuesday, Members are set to consider a provisional agreement reached between Parliament and the Council on proposals to amend the European Climate Law, introducing an intermediate climate target for 2040. The amendment would include a binding 90 % net emissions reduction target for 2040, compared to 1990, and a capped potential contribution of international carbon credits towards meeting this target.

The 70th session of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women (UNCSW) in March is expected to focus on access to justice for women and girls. On Thursday, Parliament is due to consider recommendations to the Council on the EU’s priorities for the 70th session. An own-initiative report from the Committee on Women’s Rights and Gender Equality (FEMM) urges the Council to lead efforts against the global backlash on gender rights and calls on the EU to defend diversity, equality and inclusion, safeguard the UNCSW‘s mandate, and address funding shortfalls.

On Wednesday, Members are expected to debate two questions for oral answer to the Commission on the accession of third countries (in this case Albania and Montenegro) to the Hague conventions (specifically the Hague Judgments Convention). There are various procedures for handling the effects of ratification of an acceding state on existing parties in Hague Conventions. In one scenario, if existing parties do not oppose the accession by submitting a declaration within a set time limit, their agreement to the accession is tacit. However, when the Commission raises no objection to a third country’s accession and does not submit a declaration of opposition, the Council and Parliament cannot give their consent. It is therefore Parliament’s position that the Commission must present a proposal for acceptance in such cases, even where not required by the convention itself.

Quick links to all our publications for this plenary session:

European Parliament Plenary Session February 2026 – agenda

• New action plan against cyberbullying
• Developing a new EU anti-poverty strategy
• Addressing subcontracting chains and the role of intermediaries in order to protect workers’ rights
• The EU-Mercosur bilateral safeguard clause
• Cross-border enforcement of rules on unfair trading practices in the agri-food supply chain
• Wine sector package
• Amending the European Climate Law
• EU priorities for the 70th session of the UN Commission on the Status of Women Accession of third countries to Hague conventions
• Accession of third countries to Hague conventions

Deux mois après la signature de l'accord de paix entre le Rwanda et la RD Congo, Félix Tshisekedi est de retour à Washington. Le président congolais y a notamment rencontré Marco Rubio, pour faire le point sur l'application des textes. Au Nigeria, Bola Tinubu déploie l'armée dans l'ouest du pays après une attaque qui a fait plus de 160 morts. 

We replied to citizens who took the time to write to the President.

Elements of replies in English

The European Parliament and the European Union (EU) are responding to ongoing developments in Iran.

The European Parliament’s response to the recent violent crackdown of protesters and political dissidents in Iran has been clear.

On 8 January President Roberta Metsola, expressed the European Parliament’s solidarity with the people of Iran.  Addressing the European Parliament plenary on 19 January, the President of the European Parliament, Roberta Metsola, stated that Parliament has acted firmly by banning Iranian diplomats and representatives of the Islamic Republic of Iranfrom its premises on 12 January 2026.

Parliament’s position on the situation in Iran

The European Parliament adopted a resolution on 22 January 2026 on the brutal repression of protesters in Iran.

The European Parliament stands in full solidarity with the people of Iran and their brave and legitimate protest movement. It strongly condemns the widespread, intentional and disproportionate use of force by security forces.

Following pressure from the European Parliament the Council designated the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps as terrorist organisation. It demands the expansion and strict enforcement of EU sanctions, including asset freezes and visa bans.

Parliament extends its full solidarity to the Iranian diaspora, which plays a crucial role in demanding freedom and democracy and supporting the protests. It recognises the Iranian people as the sole legitimate source of authority and sovereignty in Iran.

Parliament reiterates its call for Iran to grant immediate and unhindered access to the UN-mandated fact-finding mission to address grave crimes under international law, including murder, torture, rape and enforced disappearances.

Finally, Parliament urges EU countries to revoke the diplomatic status of the staff of Iran’s embassies and consulates across the EU.

Background

Citizens often send messages to the President of the European Parliament expressing their views and/or requesting action. The Citizens’ Enquiries Unit (AskEP) within the European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS) replies to these messages, which may sometimes be identical as part of wider public campaigns.

Spokespersons for Parliament and for the political groups will hold a briefing on the 9 - 12 February plenary session, on Friday at 11.00 in Parliament’s Anna Politkovskaya press room.

Source : © European Union, 2026 - EP

Le mouvement chrétien des Shakers, apparu au XVIIIe siècle, est aujourd'hui reconnu pour son influence majeure dans les domaines du mobilier, du design et de l'architecture. Cependant, son caractère religieux et ses croyances, qui s'écartaient des normes établies, sont moins connus. Que savons-nous donc de ce mouvement ?

Written by Harriet Kennedy.

Amidst increasing political pressure to adopt a stricter approach to migration, certain EU Member States have begun calling for reform of the protections available to migrants under the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The calls have centred around Article 3 and Article 8 of the ECHR.

Article 3 prohibits torture and inhuman and degrading treatment. It blocks states from deporting individuals to places where they would be at risk of such treatment. It is absolute and cannot be restricted in any circumstances. Article 8 protects the right to respect for private and family life. It is a qualified right, meaning that it can be subject to limitations: it must be in accordance with the law, in pursuit of a legitimate aim and proportionate to the aim pursued.

Since June 2025 in particular, calls for reform have intensified, culminating in an agreement between Council of Europe states to adopt a political declaration on issues related to migration and the ECHR. The declaration is expected in May 2026. As yet, there is no consensus on the changes which should be made, or whether changes should be made at all. Nonetheless, support for reform seems to be growing amongst EU Member States.

Read the complete briefing on ‘Migration and the European Convention on Human Rights: Legal requirements and proposals for reform‘ in the Think Tank pages of the European Parliament.

Les accidents miniers ont suscité l'émotion parmi les analystes, qui soulignent que le développement de l'Afrique s'est construit sur le dos de mineurs sans voix et à l'aide d'outils rudimentaires.

Jeffrey Epstein est mort en prison en attendant son procès pour trafic sexuel – mais qui était-il ?