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La Belgique aura un programme chargé lorsqu’elle prendra la tête de la présidence du Conseil de l’UE en janvier, car elle souhaite couvrir un large éventail de sujets liés à la santé et clore des dossiers clés avant que les élections européennes de juin.

À l’approche du nouvel an berbère, la communauté algérienne à l’étranger se prépare pour célébrer Yennayer 2974. Les fans de la musique kabyle, aux USA, […]

L’article Akli D., la star de la scène kabyle, en tournée aux USA est apparu en premier sur .

Written by Sebastian Clapp.

Drawing on authoritative sources, this glossary offers an overview of common terms used in discussing situations of armed conflict.

• Armed conflict. ‘An armed conflict is said to exist when there is an armed confrontation between the armed forces of States (international armed conflict), or between governmental authorities and organised armed groups or between such groups within a State (non-international armed conflict). Other situations of violence, such as internal disturbances and tensions are not considered to be armed conflicts.’ (International Committee of the Red Cross – ICRC)
• Armistice. A military agreement that puts an end to ongoing hostilities. There are two types of armistice: general (which halts all military operations) and local (which stops operations in a specific area). If the armistice’s duration is not specified, belligerent parties may resume operations at any time, subject to prior notice and in compliance with the terms of the armistice. The state of war continues, with all of its legal ramifications, even after an armistice ends.
• Ceasefire. A suspension of fighting decided by the conflict parties, usually as part of a political process. It often encompasses the whole geographic region affected by the conflict and is intended to be long-term. Usually, the goal is to facilitate communication between the parties, with the ultimate goal of reaching a long-term political agreement.
• Cessation of hostilities (or ‘truce’). The suspension of active hostilities, designed to give conflict parties permission to pause fighting for a variety of reasons, such as to engage in political discourse and work towards a long-term truce. The ICRC uses the term ‘truce’ interchangeably with ‘suspension of hostilities’.
• Civilian. ‘Any person who is not a combatant. When civilians take a direct part in fighting, they lose their protection from attack. (When there is any doubt about a person’s status, he or she shall be considered to be a civilian)’ – ICRC.
• Combatant. In international humanitarian law, the term ‘combatant’ in international armed conflicts refers to members of the armed forces of a party to the conflict (except medical and religious personnel) who are entitled to take a direct part in hostilities. Combatants are obliged to distinguish themselves from civilians and to abide by international humanitarian law. If combatants fall into the hands of their adversaries, they are considered to be ‘prisoners of war’ – ICRC.
  • Non-combatant. ‘A civilian, or a combatant who is hors de combat’. Hors de combat, a term whose literal meaning is ‘out of the fight’, describes ‘combatants who have been captured or wounded or who are sick or shipwrecked, or who have laid down their arms or surrendered, and thus are no longer in a position to fight’ – ICRC.
• Customary international humanitarian law. General practice accepted as international law; this practice is evident, for instance, in official statements made by states, national laws, and case law.
• Days of tranquillity. A mechanism used mostly by UNICEF, frequently in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO), to provide children with access to healthcare during times of conflict, such as by carrying out nationwide immunisation campaigns or other solely humanitarian endeavours. All relevant parties must consent to days of tranquillity, to allow access to medical and other personnel, and must refrain from interfering with their work during those days.
• De-confliction arrangements. The sharing of logistical data to arrange the timing and locations of relief operations between parties involved in the conflict and humanitarian actors. These agreements guarantee that military operations do not put beneficiaries in danger, obstruct the delivery of relief supplies or the execution of humanitarian operations, or jeopardise the lives of humanitarian actors.
• Geneva Conventions. Four treaties adopted in Geneva in 1949 that are the cornerstone of contemporary international humanitarian law and are universally accepted. Every state in the world had acceded to the conventions as of 2006. The four Geneva Conventions protect different groups of people during armed conflict: sick and wounded military personnel in the field; sick and wounded military personnel at sea; prisoners of war; and civilian populations.
  • Additional Protocol I. A treaty adopted in 1977 that applies to international armed conflicts and enhances the protection offered by the four Geneva Conventions. It reinforces the protection of civilians and places additional limitations on how military operations may be carried out.
  • Additional Protocol II. A treaty adopted in 1977 that applies in non-international armed conflicts of a higher intensity than the circumstances covered by Article 3 common to the four Geneva Conventions. It also enhances the protection offered by the four Geneva Conventions. Additional Protocol II covers non-international armed conflicts that occur on a state’s territory between that state’s armed forces and organised armed groups or dissident armed forces that are under responsible command, control a portion of the state’s territory, and are capable of conducting coordinated and prolonged military operations.
• Humanitarian corridor. Specific routes and logistical methods decided upon by all relevant parties to permit the safe movement of civilians and/or supplies between locations during hostilities.
• Humanitarian pause. A temporary cessation of hostilities purely for humanitarian purposes. It usually requires the consent of all relevant parties and is intended to allow humanitarian activities within a designated geographic area and timeframe.
• International armed conflict. Said to exist ‘when armed force is used by at least two States against each other even if one of the States does not recognize that it is at war. A state of occupation or a war of national liberation also constitutes an international armed conflict’ – ICRC.
  • Non-international armed conflict. Non-international armed conflict constitutes ‘the use of armed force between governmental authorities and organized armed groups or between such groups within a State. Situations of non-international armed conflict are regulated by common Article 3 and by Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions’ – ICRC.
• International humanitarian law. A body of international law comprised of treaties and customary laws that aims to protect those who are not, or who are no longer, engaged in hostilities. It seeks to restrict the methods and means that may be used in warfare and otherwise lessen the suffering that results from armed conflict.
• (International) human rights law. A body of laws established by custom and treaty with the aim of shielding people’s lives and human dignity from the capricious actions of governments. Everybody is subject to human rights law at all times.
• Jus ad bellum. Literal meaning: ‘law on resort to war’; denotes the legal circumstances, enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations (UN), when one state may resort to the use of force against another.

Article 2.4 UN Charter: ‘All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations.’
Article 51 UN Charter: ‘Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations.’

• Jus in bello. Literal meaning: ‘law in war’; also referred to as ‘international humanitarian law’ (IHL).
• Temporary cessation of hostilities. A suspension of fighting decided by all relevant parties, agreed upon for a specific timeframe. It may be undertaken for a number of reasons, including humanitarian ones. The agreement specifies the operational region as well as the timeframe within which particular humanitarian tasks will be completed. As long as the suspension of hostilities remains in force, and failing agreement to the contrary, there must be no change in the positions of the opposing forces.

Sources: ICRC Glossary, Exploring Humanitarian Law; Oxford Public International Law Database; UN OCHA: Glossary of Terms: Pauses During Conflict.

Read this infographic on ‘Armed conflict: A glossary of terms‘ in the Think Tank pages of the European Parliament.

Az év elején foglalkozik a kormány az új pozsonyi egyetemi kórház ügyével. Dolinková megjegyezte: lehetséges, hogy a kórházat Pozsony más részén építik fel.

Die EU-Institutionen haben eine politische Einigung über fünf Gesetze erzielt, die zum ersten Mal ein harmonisiertes Konzept für die Migrationssteuerung in Europa festlegen werden. NGOs haben jedoch kritisiert, dass die Einigung gegen grundlegende Menschenrechte verstößt.

Ships that have a particularly low environmental grade should face penalties, such as restrictions from entering EU ports, an environmental advocacy group has said, arguing that doing so will incentivise global maritime companies to cut their carbon footprint.

Szerdán délelőtt baleset történt Szentistvánkútnál, a Malackai járásban. Egy Ford sofőrje lehajtott az útról, megsérült a balesetben, az egyik pozsonyi kórházba szállították, közölte Facebook-oldalán a rendőrség.

Le match amical Togo-Algérie, dans le cadre de la préparation pour la CAN-2023, pourrait ne pas avoir lieu. Le président de la fédération togolaise de […]

L’article Match amical Togo – Algérie : la révélation de taille du président de la FTF est apparu en premier sur .

What is it like to face a far-right pariah and islamophobe at the other end of the festively decorated Christmas table?

Without a collective approach to immersive learning, Europe risks being dwarfed by international competitors in an area revolutionising how people acquire education and skills. The continent’s first association is building commons to prevent this.

A firm once run by Isabel dos Santos is seeking huge damages from the controversial Angolan billionaire.

561074 Baseline assessment on the inspection, investigation and punishment of environmental contraventions and crimes in Albania

Effective and functional environmental governance relies on enhanced institutional technical expertise and proactive public engagement. Recognizing the intricating aspects of environmental challenges, the OSCE Presence is working with environmental compliance and enforcement agencies to enhance their technical resources to address environmental violations and increase the role and participation of citizens in environmental governance.

Against this backdrop, as part of its ongoing efforts, the OSCE Presence has taken the lead in undertaking two significant documents, such as a public survey on environmental governance and a training need assessment across the institutional chain dealing with environmental violations. 

On 19 December 2023, the Presence unveiled and discussed the preliminary findings of both reports with 30 participants such as prosecutors, environmental inspectors, police officials, civil servant officials, and civil society organizations. The technical discussion further elaborated and deepened the findings, which will guide and support the Presence’s work in designing advanced and targeted training programs for institutions and public environmental awareness-raising campaigns.

Opening the event, Head of the OSCE Presence’s Department on Governance in Economic and Environmental Issues Aleksandar Maskovic said: “The insights discussed here will help to discuss future training programs and also contribute to the development of a robust and co-ordinated strategy among all stakeholders.”

Anila Leka, a prosecutor from the General Prosecution Office, underlined the importance of building capacities of prosecutors on environmental violations which fall in line with the efforts to revise the whole criminal code of Albania.

The survey on environmental governance indicated that 86% of respondents have shown high interest to contribute for the environmental governance in Albania. The survey tackled other relevant issues such as the nexus of environmental violations with corruption and gender. The obtained results will support the Presence and other relevant stakeholders to design and initiate targeted environmental campaigns.

The training need assessment underlined the importance of systematic training programs for civil servant of institutions dealing with environmental violations. It shed light on the current state of affairs, identified gaps in knowledge and skills, and ultimately pave the way for strategic interventions that will empower relevant stakeholders in their efforts to combat environmental crimes effectively.

The public survey and training need assessment are developed under the extra-budgetary project to enhance environmental governance and security in Albania implemented by the OSCE Presence in Albania and supported by the governments of Norway, France and Italy.

Le conseil des ministres s'est tenu ce mercredi 20 décembre 2023 au palais de la Marina à Cotonou. Plusieurs nominations ont été prononcées à la présidence de la République et dans certains ministères.

■ A la présidence de la République

Agent judiciaire du Trésor

Monsieur Gilbert Ulrich TOGBONON

Collaborateurs à l'Agence judiciaire du Trésor

Messieurs

– Romuald GBENOU

– Mahugnon Fréjus Lucas AKPOTROSSOU

■ Au ministère de la Justice et de la Législation

Après avis du Conseil supérieur de la Magistrature

A la Chancellerie

Directeur de cabinet

Monsieur Moussa ADAMOU

· Direction des Services et Professions judiciaires

Collaborateur

Madame Folakè Grâce Lyliane ODJO

· Direction de la Législation et de la Codification

Collaborateurs

Messieurs

– Ulrich Sèdjro Miguel DEGUENON

– Gani Romuald IROTORI

– Ebony Viako DASSI

Dans les juridictions

· Cour de Répression des Infractions économiques et du Terrorisme

Chambre des Libertés et de la Détention

Monsieur Elias Mahoulé Syné GUIDI

4ème substitut du procureur spécial

Madame Eyitayo Karamatou SANNY

· Cour d'appel de Commerce de Cotonou

Conseillers

Messieurs

– Sèwèna Rodrigue GBAGUIDI

– Goumbabe Appolinaire G. HOUNKANNOU

– Tribunal de Commerce de Cotonou

Juges au tribunal

Madame et monsieur

– Ken'tché Edith OROUNLA

– Tédé Pacôme FALANA

· Cour d'appel de Cotonou

– Tribunal de première instance de 1ère classe de Cotonou

Juge du 4ème cabinet d'instruction

Monsieur Ozias Sèwanou KINTOYESSE

Juge du 5ème cabinet d'instruction

Monsieur Christophe Ekanyé HOUEDETE

Juges au tribunal

Messieurs

– Enagnon Marion Leriche ATINMAKAN

– Delphin YATOPA

– Pamphile AWO-GBOSSA

– Guigonou Thierry A. MEDEGNONWA DJIDONOU

– Arcadius Thierry Houéfa Kossi-Latè ADJAHOUHOUE

Juge du pôle des mineurs

Madame Wassilatou BOUKARI

4ème substitut du procureur de la République

Monsieur Yélognon Jacob AHIFFON

– Tribunal de première instance de 1ère classe de Porto-Novo

Juges au tribunal

Messieurs

– Sagbo Alexis GOUWAKINNOU

– Cossi Hermann OGOUGBE

– Jean-Marie DADO TOSSOU

– Xavier ADANDEDJAN

Juge du pôle des mineurs

Monsieur Clément DOSSOU

– Tribunal de première instance de 2ème classe d'Abomey-Calavi

Juge au tribunal

Madame Françoise Houéfa Kossi-Latè AVOUNGNASSOU

Juge du 3ème cabinet d'instruction

Monsieur Zinsou Jean-Paul ANATO

Juges au tribunal

Messieurs

Olakpèdjou Tchègoun Christian OGNI

Gboja Jude DJISSA

Juge du pôle des mineurs

Madame Eurelle Edjrossè PRODJINOTHO

– Tribunal de première instance de 2ème classe de Ouidah

Juges au tribunal

Madame et messieurs

– Mahugnon Marilyne Florine AGUESSY

– Tométchi Ezékiel SOHOU

– John James Yéida ATINDEHOU

– Ernest GANGAN

Juge du pôle des mineurs

Madame Faith Colombe Ayahomi Assiki AVODAGBE

– Tribunal de première instance de 2ème classe de Pobè

Juge du 2ème cabinet d'instruction

Monsieur Wézoumasèssèhou Boris Claver HOUNSOU

Juge au tribunal

Monsieur Pascal HOUEMABOU

– Tribunal de première instance de 2ème classe d'Allada

Juge du 2ème cabinet d'instruction

Monsieur Nahamma Ernest KASSA

Juge du pôle des mineurs

Monsieur Abdou Safiou BOURDJA

Juges au tribunal

Madame et messieurs

– Gisèle GBAGUIDI

– Souahibou MAGAZI

– Fataou KOUTCHELE ASSOUMA

· Cour d'appel d'Abomey

– Tribunal de première instance de 2ème classe d'Aplahoué

Juge du 2ème cabinet d'instruction

Madame Hikmath Atchakè Olaïtan ALI

Juge du pôle des mineurs

Monsieur Ahamadou AMADOU

Juges au tribunal

Madame et monsieur

– Afi Anne-Rachel Mawussé GBEHA TOHOUENOU

– Fiacre Alexis Onésime Akotchayé KOLA

– Tribunal de première instance de 2ème classe d'Abomey

Juge au tribunal

Monsieur Joël ADAM

Juge du pôle des mineurs

Madame Sèna Edwige ATACHI

Juges au tribunal

Messieurs

– Johannès Sèdjro WOLLO

– Noudjinhoué Sèdjro Paul VISSOH AHISSIN

– Satognon Célestin HOUEDO

– Tribunal de première instance de 2ème classe de Savalou

Juges au tribunal

Messieurs

– Modeste AÏKPE

– Assogba Yélian Fabrice YEHOSSOU

Juge du pôle des mineurs

Monsieur Dégbégnon Romain ASSOGBA

– Tribunal de première instance de 2ème classe de Dassa-Zoumè

Juge du 2ème cabinet d'instruction

Monsieur Isdeen Bolalé Adissa ODJOUGBELE

Juge au tribunal

Monsieur Sèdjolo Hugues TOSSOU

Juge du pôle des mineurs

Madame Cica Clémence ASSOGBAGA

– Tribunal de première instance de 2ème classe de Lokossa

Juges au tribunal

Messieurs

– Hervé ADOUKONOU

– Eric Shéyi DEGUENON

Juge du pôle des mineurs

Madame Maëlle Ophélia Ariane da TRINIDADE

– Tribunal de première instance de 2ème classe de Comè

Juge du 2ème cabinet d'instruction

Monsieur Arnaud Euloge SEWANOU

Juge au tribunal

Monsieur Vincent ZOBLATIN

· Cour d'appel de Parakou

– Tribunal de première instance de 1ère classe de Parakou

Juges au tribunal

Messieurs

– Constant AHOLOU

– Mohamed BONI ABDOU

– Mahouto Jean de Dieu DJOSSOU

– Tribunal de première instance de 2ème classe de Natitingou

Juge au tribunal

Messieurs

– Bertin KADAÏ

– Koffi Théodore ZANKOU

Juge du pôle des mineurs

Madame Rollande Melvina Bidossessi BINAZON

2ème substitut du procureur de la République

Monsieur Sèmako Hervé HOUNSOU

– Tribunal de première instance de 2ème classe de Kandi

Juge du 2ème cabinet d'instruction

Monsieur Paulin Armand Akonassou ALLOTIN

Juge du pôle des mineurs

Monsieur Norbert SAHGUI

Juges au tribunal

Messieurs

– Edgard Marcolino Codjo COFFI

– Minakpon Roger KPOHOUN

Substitut du procureur de la République, chargé du pôle des mineurs

Monsieur Yannick Fréjus HOUENON

– Tribunal de première instance de 2ème classe de Djougou

Juge du 2ème cabinet d'instruction

Monsieur Adam Damase HOUNMENOU

Juges au tribunal

Messieurs

– Juste Ulrich ADOUWEKONOU

– Tchéwanou Gédéon GBOBADA

– Tribunal de première instance de 2ème classe de Malanville

Juge du 1er cabinet d'instruction

Monsieur Abdel-Aziz ZAKARI

Juge du 2ème cabinet d'instruction

Monsieur Kouyè M'bo Fantouré Ismaël TCHENTI

Juges au tribunal

Madame et monsieur

– Samsone Marthe Dossi LOKONON

– Sévérin ZONDOTE

Substitut du procureur de la République, chargé du pôle des mineurs

Monsieur Lionel DJESSOUHO

■ Au ministère de l'Intérieur et de la Sécurité Publique

Directeur de la Coopération technique de Sécurité

Monsieur Babatoudji Edouard KONFO

Directeur départemental de l'Intérieur et de la Sécurité publique Atlantique/Littoral

Monsieur Monyibi Mesmin HOUNDAKO

■ Au ministère du Cadre de Vie et des Transports, en charge du Développement Durable

Directeur général du Port Autonome de Cotonou

Monsieur Bart Van EENOO

Secrétaire permanent de la Commission Béninoise au Développement Durable

Monsieur Bamikolé Jacques KOUAZONDE

■ Au ministère de l'Energie, de l'Eau et des Mines

Directeur Général de la Société Béninoise d'Energie Electrique (SBEE)

Monsieur André-Marie KACZMAREK

■ Au ministère des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises et de la Promotion de l'Emploi

Directeur de cabinet

Monsieur Koladé Ayédero OKOUDJOU.

Three pornography websites will have to abide by strict EU rules after being included on the Digital Services Act's (DSA) very large online platforms list, the EU Commission announced on Wednesday (20 December).

Im Januar wird Belgien die Ratspräsidentschaft der EU übernehmen. Im Gesundheitsbereich hat der Beneluxstaat noch einiges vor, bevor nach der EU-Wahl im Juni die Karten neu gemischt werden.

Une nouvelle polémique a déclenché au nom de la laïcité en France. Eric Le Dissès, le Maire de Marignane, a décidé de servir, à la […]

L’article Un maire français refuse de servir un menu halal aux élèves : Gabriel Attal se dit choqué est apparu en premier sur .

Philip Morris International (PMI) fait partie pour la première fois du Dow Jones Index Sustainability™ World. Le groupe a également maintenu sa position dans l’indice […]

L’article PMI rejoint l’indice Dow Jones Global Sustainability pour la première fois est apparu en premier sur .

L'élection présidentielle en RDC se déroule ce mercredi avec des difficultés que rencontrent les électeurs dans les différents centres de votes à travers le pays.

Après le VietNam et l'Inde, le ministre des affaires étrangères du Benin a été reçu en audience par son homologue de la Corée du Sud FM Park Jin. Au cœur des entretiens, la coopération entre les deux états dans le domaine de l'industrie, de l'agriculture et des technologies

« Nous sommes heureux des valeurs communes que nous partageons avec la Corée du Sud et qui ouvrent la voie à une collaboration renforcée dans les domaines de l'agriculture, de l'industrie, de la technologie, de la gestion de l'eau, du changement climatique et de la coopération parlementaire » a écrit Olushegun Bakari sur son compte Twitter .

Quelques images

La Société béninoise d'énergie électrique (SBEE), a un nouveau directeur général. André-Marie KACZMAREK est nommé ce mercredi 20 décembre 2023 en Conseil des ministres.

Un nouveau directeur général à la SBEE après le départ de Gérard ZAGRODNIK. Sur proposition du ministre de l'énergie, de l'eau et des mines, André-Marie KACZMAREK est nommé ce mercredi 20 décembre 2023 en Conseil des ministres.
Le nouveau patron de la société distributrice de l'énergie électrique au Bénin, a occupé le poste de directeur général délégué au sein de la Compagnie ivoirienne d'électricité (CIE) en Côte d'Ivoire.