Dans le contexte actuel, il s’agit c’est un cas de figure emblématique de la crise et des difficultés juridiques que celle-ci pose au fonctionnement du système de Dublin. A joutons à cela le cas de la Turquie. Les lecteurs de Eulogos sont régulièrement confrontés aux compte rendus des arrêts de la Cour ou aux conclusions de l’Avocat général, preuve s’il en fallait une, de la complexité extrême des textes en vigueur et qu’une simplification, une consolidation, une codification des textes s’impose
La cour a confirmé qu’une demande de protection internationale pouvait être considérée comme irrecevable dans le cas où un migrant était arrivé illégalement sur le territoire d’un Etat membre et que dernier pouvait décider par la suite de le renvoyer vers un pays tiers « sur », même si cet Etat membre n’était pas responsable au départ du traitement de sa demande.
Dans cette affaire les juges européens ont précisé les conditions dans les quelles un Etat membre pouvait envisager d’envoyer un demandeur de protection internationale, tel un réfugié de guerre, vers un pays tiers « sur ». Cette possibilité est offerte par la directive européenne relative à des procédures communes pour l’octroi et le retrait de la protection internationale.
Les juges ont été saisis en urgence par une juridiction hongroise qui doit décider du sort d’un ressortissant pakistanais qui se trouve en détention et dont la demande d’asile déposée en Hongrie a été jugée irrecevable . L’intéressé était entré illégalement en Hongrie depuis la Serbie, avait déposé une première demande d’asile pour, tout de suite après, prendre la route vers l’Autriche, avant d’être arrêté sur le chemin de la république tchèque et transféré en Hongrie. Considérant que sa première demande d’asile avait été implicitement retirée du fait de son départ, les autorités hongroises ont rejeté une seconde demande, sans examen d fond, et décidé de le renvoyer en Serbie, un pays tiers considéré comme sûr.
Dans son arrêt la Cour a donné raison à la Hongrie, en avançant des arguments similaires à ceux qui ont été avancés par l »Avocat général. Ainsi de droit d’envoyer un demandeur d’asile cers un pays sûr peut être exercé par les autorités d’un Etat membre qui se considère responsable de la demande, en application du règlement de Dublin, même si l’intéressé avait quitté son territoire avant que la demande ne soit analysée sur le fond. D’ailleurs, la détermination de l’Etat membre responsable du traitement de la demande ne constitue pas un préalable à la décision de renvoyer un demandeur vers un pays tiers sûr, a noté la Cour, en suivant l’ardument exposé par le gouvernement allemand lord de l’audience.
Ensuite la Cour a estimé que la Hongrie n’était pas tenue d’informer la République tchèque quant à ses intentions de procéder à un renvoi de l’intéressé en Serbie. La seule obligation que la Hongrie devait respecter était celle d’informer la Commission européenne des pays tiers auxquels le concept de « pays tiers sûr » est appliqué.
Finalement , la Hongrie devait-elle reprendre l’examen de la demande d’asile initiale de l’intéressé. Sur ce point la Cour a estimé que les autorités nationales étaient libres de choisir. Elles peuvent donc procéder à un renvoi vers un pays tiers « sûr » en jugeant la seconde demande irrecevable.
Toutefois une telle décision de renvoi peut être contestée devant une juridiction, si le demandeur d’asile met en avant sa situation individuelle et les risques encourus par les pays tiers en question. Un tel recours est suspensif de la décision de renvoi, y compris lorsque la demande de protection internationale n’a pas été traitée sur le fonds dans le cadre d’un régime allégé de renvoi vers un pays tiers européen sûr. Comment ne pas être effrayé par la complexité d’un tel arrêt, l’enchevêtrement inextricable des attendus et considérants et de leurs contradictions, sans oublier leur obscurité.
A la lecture d’un tel arrêt, on est en droit de se poser la question :a-t-on perdu de vue que derrière tout cela il y a des hommes et des femmes faites de chaire et de sang, ballotés au hasard de la compréhension et des connaissances du juge auquel ils sont confrontés régulièrement au cours d’un périple long et souvent dramatique.
En savoir plus :
On Friday, April 29th at 8:30am EST, IPI will host a Global Leaders Series presentation featuring H.E. Ms. Astrid Thors, High Commissioner on National Minorities for the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
Established in 1992 as a conflict prevention instrument, the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities provides early warning and intervention to prevent tensions related to national minorities from escalating into conflicts. The OSCE region is facing increasingly complex security challenges, from border management issues to the recent influx of migrants, resulting in societal tensions.
In the current security context, what measures can be taken to protect national minorities and promote stability in the region? Acting in line with the Secretary-General’s “Human Rights Up Front” agenda, how can the OSCE improve its ability to detect early warning signs and take more effective measures to prevent violations of minority rights and inter-state disputes over minority issues?
At this event, Ms. Thors will address obstacles to achieving greater cohesion and stability in the OSCE region, including the tendency to securitize minority issues, nationalist movements, states’ unilateral support of their ethnic “kin” abroad, and simmering interethnic disputes in post-conflict societies. She will also discuss key aspects of her conflict prevention work, such as her promotion of robust integration policies and the protection of minority rights.
The event will be moderated by IPI Senior Adviser Warren Hoge.
PROGRAMME
Vendredi 22 avril
BARCELONA GYPSY BALKAN ORCHESTRA (chansons tziganes / klezmer, Espagne)
SEVEN KADRIEVI ORKESTAR invite FERUS MUSTAFOV & NAAT VELIOV (fanfare, Macédoine)
DJ CLICK LIVE BAND - Balkandalucia (electro Flamenco – Balkans, France)
+ interplateaux & after : DJ STANBUL (electro Balkans, France)
Samedi 23 avril
GAICHTO SWING invite STEEVE LAFFONT & COSTEL NITESCU (swing manouche, France)
MOSTAR SEVDAH REUNION – Hommage Saban Bajramovic (sevdah – (...)
That’s because we know what ‘Remain’ in the EU means – it’s the status quo and we’ve experienced it for four decades.
But Leave?
Nobody knows; nobody can say for sure. Even those campaigning for Britain to leave the European Union cannot agree with each other on their different visions of Brexit.
And even if the ‘Leave’ campaigners could agree with each other, none of them can promise to deliver.
They are not in power, and even if they were in power, their (different) dreams of Brexit would require the agreement of over 50 countries, which would take years to negotiate, with no guarantee of the outcome.
With the exception of Russia, no major country in the world backs Britain to leave the EU.
On his visit to Britain, USA President Obama said that the EU Single Market “brings extraordinary economic benefits to the United Kingdom.” He added that being in the EU “magnifies” British influence.
If Britain left the EU, however, the President warned that it could take up to ten years to negotiate a new trade agreement between the USA and Britain.
These sentiments were echoed by US Presidential hopeful Hilary Clinton, whose spokesman told The Observer newspaper today that, “She has always valued a strong United Kingdom in a strong European Union. And she values a strong British voice in the EU.”
There are many lists showing the benefits of Britain remaining in the EU that are credible and evidence-based. That’s because we’ve been a member of the EU (previously called the EEC) for 43 years. We know what we get in the EU. We already have it.
But any lists of the benefits of Brexit have to be entirely hypothetical. Nobody knows for sure. No member state has ever left the EU.
The only honest answer is that there would be years of disruption and uncertainty before we discovered for sure what would be the advantages, if any, of Britain outside of the EU.
And now that the official Vote Leave campaign has indicated that it also wants other countries to leave, how would Britain’s Brexit negotiations fare with the EU? Our former European allies would know that Brexiters didn’t just want to close a deal with them, but to close the EU itself. (See my other article, ‘What they really want: End of the EU’)
The benefits of Britain in the EU are extensive. Here’s a summary of just some of them:
Free tradeTop of the list is that it’s only because of EU membership that Britain enjoys full free trading status with all the other member states – representing the world’s most lucrative market place, and by far our most important trading partner. As such, almost half of our exports go to the EU, and over half of our imports come from the EU.
The EU has an iron tariff wall against non-members; so would we really want to be on the wrong side of that wall as an ex-member? Even non-European countries that have negotiated ‘free trade’ agreements with the EU don’t enjoy full free trade access to Europe’s internal market, as Britain does now.
Could Britain continue to participate in full free trade if we left the EU?
We don’t know for sure, but it’s less likely.
Unless, like Norway, we were accepted as a member of EFTA/EEA. However, like Norway, we would still have to obey the rules of the EU single market (including free movement of people) and we would still have to pay an annual contribution to the EU.
And like Norway, we would have no say in those rules or the size of our annual contribution to the EU. Would there be any point to leave the EU for that?
A say in EuropeNext on the list is that as a leading member of the EU, we have a say – and votes – on the rules, laws and future direction of our continent, Europe.
Would we have that as a non-EU member?
No non-EU member has a say or vote in those rules, so it’s highly unlikely that an exception would be made for Britain. Otherwise, what would be the point of an exclusive club offering exclusive benefits for members?
Living in the EUThe right to live, work, study or retire across our continent is a precious membership benefit that around two million Britons already enjoy.
Would that right continue if we left the EU? Nobody really knows, but it’s unlikely.
The residence and other rights of Britons already living across the rest of Europe, and citizens from the rest of Europe already living in Britain, would be thrown into doubt and confusion if ‘Leave’ wins the referendum vote.
Free health care whilst travelling on business or holiday in Europe is another cherished benefit of Britain’s EU membership – that would be unlikely to continue on Brexit.
EU protectionEU laws protecting the rights of workers, consumers and travellers across the continent are probably among the most important reasons for Britain to remain an EU member.
For example, 4-weeks paid holiday a year; the 48 hour working week; anti-discrimination law; guaranteed rights for agency workers; guaranteed worker consultation – all of these protections exist because of the EU.
Would we retain those rights if Britain left the EU?
We don’t know, but it’s unlikely.
If we took away the strong armour of EU employment law, workers’ rights would be at the mercy of a Conservative government. Anyone who believes they would then be in safe hands might be in for a rude shock upon Brexit.
Consumer and traveller protection laws are also arguably much stronger as a result of EU laws than we would have enjoyed under national legislation alone.
In any event, how can a national government assure safety and protection across a continent?
The simple fact is that it can’t – it needs the reach of a pan-European intergovernmental organisation to achieve that (albeit with the democratic consensus of member states).
For example, comprehensive passenger compensation when, say, an Icelandic volcano seriously disrupts air travel – such compensation is only possible because of EU law, not national law.
Abolishing exorbitant mobile-roaming charges across Europe was also only possible because of EU law – no nation state alone could have achieved that. Europe-wide consumer protections, such as when buying products online or by phone, came about because of EU law rather than national law.
Negotiating powerBecause the EU is the world’s richest, biggest market-place, and the world’s biggest exporter and importer of manufactured goods and services, it can negotiate the best trade deals with other countries.
It’s often said that when negotiating, you get better deals if you’re the same size or bigger than your opposite number. The EU is the biggest economy – bigger than the USA, bigger than China, bigger than Japan. It has the muscle to negotiate extremely favourable trading terms with the world’s countries.
Could Britain, being considerably smaller and less important than the EU, achieve similarly good trade agreements with the world’s countries?
It’s unlikely, but in any event, it would take many years to find out after we had left the EU.
CollaborationsThere are many collaborations that take place between scientists, doctors, lawyers, accountants, etc, between EU member states that are made much easier and more effective because we’re all in the same club.
Could that continue on the same level if Britain left the EU?
Who knows..?
And of course, because of agreements and directives agreed between member states, there is considerable Europe-wide sharing of intelligence, information and practical collaboration in the fields of policing, security, defence and the prevention and combat of crime.
On BBC’s Andrew Marr show today, Home Secretary Theresa May confirmed that Britain doesn’t have open borders, not even to EU citizens. She said:
“We check people at our borders, but what matters at our borders is that you have the information about people that enables you to make that decision about whether somebody should be allowed into the UK or not.
“We are more likely to have that information if we’re inside the European Union.”
Could that co-operation continue with our EU allies if Britain left the EU? Again, nobody knows – it might, but at this stage, nobody can guarantee that it would.
Is the British electorate likely choose Brexit and all the uncertainties that option offers?
Anything is possible. However, in all the referendums so far in Britain, the electorate has never voted against the status quo.
What will be important is that everybody who can vote in the referendum does vote. That way, at least the decision about Britain’s future will be decisive.__________________________________________________
Other stories by Jon Danzig:To follow my stories please like my Facebook page: Jon Danzig Writes
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— Jon Danzig (@Jon_Danzig) April 24, 2016
The post The problem with Brexit appeared first on Ideas on Europe.
Autre vérité : l’Europe va devoir vivre longtemps avec une massive poussée migratoire venue du sud avec les tragédies qui l’accompagnent ponctuant la déjà longue histoire de la migration venue de l’ensemble du Continent africain : de la Corne de l’Afrique à l’Afrique de l’ouest en passant par l’Afrique Sahélienne. Ce mouvement migratoire va se poursuivre et probablement s’accentuer. Il est moins lié à la guerre qu’à la misère et à l’explosion démographique sans précédent que connait l’Afrique et pose à l’Europe un problème majeur. Rien ne semble devoir arrêter ces jeunes femmes et ces jeunes hommes souvent parmi les plus entreprenants. Aucune solution n’est à la portée d’un ou de quelques pays C’est à l’UE dans son ensemble de tenter de maitriser avec les pays africains, ce flux migratoire. C’est contre les causes profondes de la migration irrégulière en Afrique qu’il faut centrer son action : plusieurs sommets furent consacrés à la lutte contre les causes profondes. A ce jour sans grand résultat.
La conférence de la Valette et le fonds fiduciaire d’urgence de l’UE donne une nouvelle chance, la dernière ?
Le président Juncker lance le fonds fiduciaire d’urgence de l’UE pour lutter contre les causes profondes de la migration irrégulière en Afrique. C’est un peu la dernière chance : les citoyens européens devraient s’approprier cet énorme enjeu. A eux de se regrouper pour parrainer les différents projets : surveiller leur mise en ouvre quant à leur délais de lancement et de réalisation, mesurer les résultats, la promotion auprès des populations concernées. C’est une garantie supplémentaire de succès. Les procédures administratives et bureaucratiques qui ont leurs mérites interviennent trop tard. L’appropriation du projet par les personnes directement concernées est essentielle. L’Europe ne peut pas continuer à voir sa vie politique être prise en otage par la crise migratoire qui en devient l’élément structurant majeur au détriment des autres problèmes si important pour son avenir.
Le président de la Commission européenne a lancé en novembre dernier avec des États membres de l’UE et d’autres donateurs européens, le fonds fiduciaire d’urgence de l’UE en faveur de la stabilité et de la lutte contre les causes profondes de la migration irrégulière et les personnes déplacées en Afrique.
Le président de la Commission européenne, Jean-Claude Juncker, ainsi que plusieurs chefs d’État européens, ont lancé à La Valette le fonds fiduciaire d’urgence de l’UE en faveur de la stabilité et de la lutte contre les causes profondes de la migration irrégulière et les personnes déplacées en Afrique.
A cette occasion, le président Juncker a fait la déclaration suivante: «Par sa coopération de longue date en faveur du développement, l’UE a apporté une contribution substantielle à la lutte contre les causes profondes de la pauvreté et de la migration irrégulière. Nous franchissons aujourd’hui une nouvelle étape. Ce fonds fiduciaire d’urgence pour l’Afrique, mis sur pied en un temps record, montre une fois de plus combien l’UE est déterminée à relever rapidement les défis de taille auxquels nous sommes confrontés dans la région. Pour y parvenir, nous devons collaborer avec les autres pays européens et avec les pays partenaires d’Afrique pour lutter contre les causes profondes de la migration irrégulière et pour améliorer les perspectives économiques et promouvoir l’égalité des chances, la sécurité et le développement. Pour que le fonds fiduciaire pour l’Afrique et notre réponse soient crédibles, je veux voir davantage d’États membres apporter leur contribution pour s’aligner sur l’enveloppe de 1,8 milliard d’EUR débloquée par l’UE.»
Le fonds fiduciaire d’urgence dispose de 1,8 milliard d’Euros provenant des instruments de financement de l’Union européenne, ainsi que des contributions d’États membres de l’UE et d’autres donateurs. À ce jour, 25 États membres de l’UE et 2 pays tiers (Norvège et Suisse) ont annoncé qu’ils fourniraient au total quelque 81,3 millions d’EUR. Le fonds fiduciaire d’urgence est une manière innovante pour l’UE de renforcer sa réponse collective aux défis actuels sur le terrain et il constitue un outil complémentaire à la coopération au développement que l’UE apporte déjà dans la région pour aider les pays africains les plus fragiles et les plus vulnérables. Il représente un outil important pour la bonne mise en œuvre du plan d’action adopté au sommet de La Valette et il profitera à la région du Sahel, au bassin du lac Tchad, à la Corne de l’Afrique et à l’Afrique du Nord. Prises conjointement, ces régions comptent les principales routes migratoires africaines vers l’Europe. Leurs voisins peuvent aussi profiter des projets du fonds fiduciaire pour faire face aux flux migratoires régionaux et relever les défis transfrontaliers qui y sont liés.
Contexte : sommet de La Valette sur la migration
La migration est depuis longtemps un volet important des relations entre l’UE et l’Afrique. Pour lutter contre les causes profondes de la migration, l’UE et ses États membres consacrent déjà chaque année plus de 20 milliards d’EUR d’aide publique au développement (APD) à l’Afrique. L’actuelle crise des réfugiés a toutefois montré que l’heure est venue d’accroître cette coopération entre l’Europe et l’Afrique, sur la base du partenariat et de la responsabilité partagée. Les deux continents ont en commun la volonté d’améliorer la gestion de la migration.
Le plan d’action destiné à renforcer la coopération sur la migration prévoit notamment des actions concrètes pour:
A ce jour (avril 2016) concrètement qu’est ce qui est engagé ?
Au total 280 millions pour lutter contre les causes profondes des migrations illégales.
Ce n’est qu’un début !mais saluons le comme tel sans perdre de vue que nous sommes dans un phénomène structurel et que l’on continue de penser et d’agir en termes de crises conjoncturelles, alors qu’il faut donner une réponse politique structurée pour le moyen terme au lieu d’être dans la gestion de crise et la réaction aux évènements. Cette crise de la pensée illustre la faillite du destin collectif européen. Or si L’Europe ne peut apporter une réponse commune à la plus grave crise humanitaire depuis la seconde guerre mondiale, sur quoi donc peut-elle avoir à l’avenir une politique commune crédible ?
Des gouvernements prisonniers de leurs opinions publiques ? ou n’ont-ils pas su convaincre leurs citoyens de l’urgence et de la gravité de la situation. Clairement on est confronté à un manque absolu de courage politique, c’est-à-dire que le politique renonce à sa mission et à ce qu’elle a de plus noble. En se plaçant à la remorque de l’opinion publique, il renonce à convaincre les esprits pour une solution qu’il estime juste. Y a-t-il une faillite morale plus grave ?
Pour de plus amples informations
Az új, eddig ismeretlen külső gyakran megtévesztő lehet, de mostanra egyértelmű, hogy a NATO megpróbálja újradefiniálni magát egy újabb mesterséges válsággal.
It is springtime which means birds in great numbers are migrating northwards over Afghanistan. The wetland in the south-east of Kabul city, Kol-e Hashmat Khan, is an internationally important place for water birds to rest and recuperate before taking back to the air and resuming their flight over some of the world’s highest mountain ranges. Kol-e Hashmat Khan is a place that successive rulers of Afghanistan have also been drawn to – mainly for hunting. When AAN’s Kate Clark visited the lake one April morning, however, she found birdwatchers only. They were enjoying the birds and the beauty of the site, but were also concerned for the wetland’s survival.
For more on the birds of Afghanistan, see AAN’s “Bird Dossier.”
Kabul at dawn can be a quiet, clear, dreamily beautiful place. At Kol-e Hashmat Khan, where reed-covered water and sky meet, on the day we visited only ducks and waders broke the green mirror of the lake surface as they took off and landed. There were snowy white great egrets, grey herons, a multitude of duck species, moorhens, coots, stints and redshanks, while overhead, swallows wheeled and plunged. The waterfowl are part of the great spring migration of birds crossing Afghanistan, coming from their Indo-Pakistani wintering grounds and heading north to breeding grounds in Central Asia and Western Siberia – a route known as the ‘Central Asia Flyway’.
The lake is what remains of an extensive marsh formed by the Logar River emptying into the broad plain south of Kabul. As late as the first half of the 20th century, that marshland stretched into what is now Kart-e Naw and Chaman-e Huzuri. (1) However, irrigation canals and increased demand for water reduced the water level. The current lake was formed in the 1920s by damming what had been marshland with three barriers. Currently, the lake is fed by an inlet from the Logar River, rain and snowfall and springs from the nearby mountains.
This wetland – whether in its greater or lesser extent – has been at the heart of historic Kabul for centuries. It is overlooked to the northwest by the Bala Hisar, where there has probably been a fortress on this site since at least since the sixth century, although the current structures were developed during the Moghul period (1505-1738), and, to the west, the historic graveyard called Shuhada-ye Salehin. From here, the 1100 year old Kabul Wall climbs up over the Sher Darwaza mountain, eventually ending up at Babur’s Gardens on the other side. The area around the lake itself contains many historical sites, including the shrine of Jabr-e Ansar. (2)
It was Emperor Babur (1483-1530) who first described the Kol-e Hashmat Khan wetlands. (3) Successive latter-day monarchs sought to protect the lake for hunting: Amir Abdul Rahman Khan (1880-1901) hunted here, as did his son, Habibullah (1901-1919); he also built the Qala-ye Hashmat Khan fort as a guesthouse and hunting lodge on the southeast shore of the lake, and an elevated brick road to the fort directly across it. Zaher Shah proclaimed the lake an official hunting reserve and had it protected by Royal Guards. After the 1973 coup, they were replaced by Republican Guards and, in 1978, the Afghan Government gazetted the wetland as a protected area because of the number and variety of waterfowl found here. However, as one set of authors looking at protected areas in Afghanistan noted, “the legal designations did not survive the ensuing conflict.” (4)
Birdwatchers, not hunters
Kol-e Hashmat Khan just after dawn on the day of the Asian Waterbird Census (Photo source: Kate Clark)
Looking out over the lake and recording the birds there, with the historic sites in the background and the snowy peaks of Paghman behind them, was an altogether more positive experience for this author than her last two forays into reporting on avian migration in Afghanistan. One dispatch told the story of a Pallas’ or Great Black-Headed Gull, a migratory giant of the skies with a wingspan of more than a metre, who had been shot dead by hunters in the Shomali and marketed as a “delicious species of duck” in Bagram. Another relayed how a houbara bustard had been killed by Faryab police who feared it was a “Taleban suicide bomber bird.” They had noticed wires on its body which were actually part of a satellite tracking device fixed by an Uzbekistan-based group monitoring the houbara’s migration.
By contrast, at Kol-e Hashmat Khan, it was a pleasure and a delight to be among, not hunters, but birdwatchers. About thirty of us – all but two Afghan – had come together to take part in the Asian Waterbird Census. (5) We gathered around dawn by the lakeside and climbed a tower, part of an educational centre built by the Ministry of Agriculture’s Conservation Corps Programme on the side of the lake. Among our number were many newcomers to birdwatching, but also several highly expert Afghan ornithologists. (6)
They included Sayed Naqibullah Mostafawi, who had been an engineering graduate from Kabul University “looking for a job, any job,” when he happened to find one with the Wildlife Conservation Society. There, he discovered a passion. “I joined as a research assistant,” he said, “and became very interested in all wildlife, especially birds.” He is now the wildlife NGO’s project manager for the Afghan north east and is usually found in the Wakhan. He has recorded 600 species of birds in Afghanistan, including one, the large-billed reed warbler, which had not been seen anywhere for a hundred years.
There were also local experts taking part in the Asian Waterbird Census, including Sayed Massum Barbari, one of seven rangers, all local men, who work at the lake (employed by the Ministry of Agriculture). He was able, not just to identify the birds on the lake, but also name many of them in Dari. Given that Afghans generally use ‘waterfowl’ (murgh-e abi) as a generic term for all ducks, waders and even gulls, it was interesting to find out that names for individual species do exist. (7) They include the visually descriptive ‘water crow’, zagh-e abi (cormorant), as well as turturak (little crake), named onomatopoeically for its cry (listen to it here).
The birds and their habitat
So, how are the wetland and its birds faring post 2001? The government’s “National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan: Framework for Implementation 2014-2017” describes the site in the 1970s, before coup d’état, war and upheaval:
…the lake proper was state property in the 1970s and was administered by the Department of Ceremonies of the President’s Office. The fields to the south of the lake were property of the public baths while the fields on the northern part of the lake were owned by local residents. Ownership of other lands surrounding the lake was not registered. Rahim and Larsson (1978) noted that there were only a dozen houses between the east side of the lake and the Kabul-Gardez highway. Rahim and Larsson (1978) reported the lake as being about 190 hectares in size and that it becomes “nearly dry” during the summer months.
In the intervening years, reports the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, Habibullah’s hunting retreat, Qala-ye Hashmat Khan, was destroyed during factional fighting in Kabul and houses built on what were once fields with just a dozen houses on them. The Plan also describes more recent abuses. “Influential settlers” have illegally built homes and small businesses on government land, “in many cases right to the water’s edge, reducing the size of the lake to about 150 hectares.” Other settlers, it said, have illegally built houses on the hillside above the lake adding to the population expansion in the area and pressure on the water resources. Building near the lake stopped in 2012. Even so, there are other threats:
Tube wells have been drilled along the lake shore to service the needs of the expanding population adding to the depletion of lake waters. Car washers have set up illegal businesses just below the Bala Hissar and are polluting the lake with the run-off. Hospital waste and garbage has been dumped into the lake itself, sometimes by government owned trucks from Kabul municipality. Local people continue to cut reeds and grasses in the lake, and women launder clothes and household goods at the lake shore. Hunting and harassment of birdlife is still common but now is mainly the prerogative of children and teenagers. The historical Qala-i-Hashmat Khan on the southwestern shore of the lake, once used as a guest house by former royalty and earmarked to be developed into reserve education and awareness centre, was been sold and removed.
Compared with before the war, the numbers of bird species staying to breed are down (from ten species before the war to four now), possibly, say Mostafawi and Stephanie Ostrowski in a 2010 report for the Wildlife Conservation Society, due to the “excessive water drainage in summer and the precocious harvesting of reeds when the lake dries.”(8) Even so, writing in 2010 and comparing surveys of birds before the war (the first scientific accounts were made by German zoologists Günther and Jochen Niethammer in 1967), (9) and since 2001 (the Wildlife Conservation Society made 86 visits between March 2007 and April 2010), they reported a slightly greater diversity of birds. The 2007-10 survey identified 93 species – amounting to almost one quarter of the total number of regular bird species reported in Afghanistan. (10) The number and variety of species which rest here during their northern migration makes Kol-e Hashmat Khan still a wetland of international importance. Moreover, the surveyors recorded five species of global conservation concern – the Dalmatian pelican, ferruginous duck, ‘Western’ black-tailed godwit, Eastern imperial eagle and European roller. They concluded:
Given the small size of the area, its relatively high altitude, the harsh weather conditions in winter, and the immediate vicinity of a population of more than 5 million humans, which increases the likelihood of disturbance, the bird diversity of Kol-e Hashmat Khan appears reasonably high.
Are the waters now drying up?
The wetland may have proved resilient so far, but there is no doubt that it is under severe pressure. Speaking to Naqib Mostafawi from the Wildlife Conservation Society and Ranger Massum Barbari, both were worried that the lake is shrinking and bird numbers appear to be dropping – both numbers of individuals and species. The size of Kol-e Hashmat Khan has always been highly variable. It is never anything but shallow – at most only about 1.5 metres deep – and varies in extent, not just from year to year, depending on how much winter snow and spring rain have fallen, but also by season. Unlike before the war, it now always dries up completely over the summer, probably because of water taken out of both it and the Logar River which feeds it. (When dry, Barbari reported, youngsters play football here, appreciating the flat surface.) It is still dry in autumn and in winter, there may or may not be water, depending on precipitation, and it may or may not be frozen, depending on temperatures (so the lake is really only useful for birds in their spring migration). The other factor looming over the lake is climate change which is already making the air in Afghanistan warmer and reducing precipitation.(11) Even taking into account the lake’s normal yearly and seasonal variations, the lake appears to be in trouble, as Mostafawi explained:
Today, in total, we identified 17 species and saw around 500 birds, but in 2010, in the same week, I recorded 36 species and more than 2000 water birds. Now, the water is less, there is plastic and solid waste in it – people throw everything in there – and the population is encroaching.
The Kol-e Hashmat Khan wetland is currently managed by the Department of Natural Resource Management in the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock. Fields to the south and north are privately owned, but other claims of ownership of land are not registered and are possibly forged. The wetland is now a listed site in the country’s National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, but is not yet legally protected. (See AAN’s analysis of two other sites on this list, Band-e Amir and the Shah Fuladi, which got legally protection in 2009 and 2015, respectively and a good summary of the Kol-e Hashmat Khan site, its ornithological importance and the threats it faces here. The National Biodiversity Plan describes “a new government multiagency coalition” which is “spearheaded by the National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA) and Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock to deal with the most immediate issues that threaten the integrity and survival of the Kol-e-Hashmat Khan wetland.” (12)
Kol-e Hashmat Khan is an important site, and not just for birds. It is one of the few remaining ‘lungs’ in Kabul, a polluted city with a growing population that needs its natural spaces. For this year, the birds on Kol-e Hashmat Khan will soon be moving on. They are there in greatest numbers now, in March and April (Hut and Hamal in the Afghan calendar). In the fourth week of April, their numbers usually drop significantly and, by mid-May, the lake will almost be deserted of water birds. They will be back next year, though, and for as long as there is a wetland to support them.
A gallery of bird pictures taken on the day of the Asian Waterbird Census can be found here: “Kabul Duck Alert 2: Pictures of birds and birdwatchers at the Kol-e Hashmat Khan wetland.”
(1) Chaman-e Huzuri – the Public Lawn – lies at the east end of Jade Maiwand, in front of the Eidgah mosque and just outside the walls of the Bala Hissar. Long a place of public recreation, it was ‘municipalized’ during the reign of Habibullah Khan who held tented iftar ceremonies there for up to 4,000 people. It was also used for sport (golf and tennis for the royals), nawruz celebrations and military parades. There was a small lake, created on the east side.
(2) May Schinasi wrote on Jabr-e Ansar (summary translation):
In 1822-3 a certain Allah Werdi constructed a tomb over a grave that was considered to be that of Jabr-e Ansar, a revered saint for Kabulis. In fact, the building was erected over two unknown graves which have subsequently been known as Ziarat-e Hazrat Tamim wa Jabr-e Ansar. Afghan historians have pointed out that Jabr was probably the son of the [11th Century] poet and mystic Khwaja Abdullah Ansari, while Hazrat Tamim was a companion of the Prophet, said to have been killed in Kabul in around 664 during one of the first campaigns of the Muslim armies against Kabul. This is what gives the cemetery of Shuhada-e Saleheen [the Righteous Martyrs] its name today.
Kabul 1773-1948 Naissance et Croissance d’une Capitale Royale, Universita degli Studi di Napoli L’Orientale (2008)
(3) Babur wrote:
Southward from the town, and to the east of Shah-Kabul, there is a lake nearly a farsang in circumference… The citadel is of surprising height, and enjoys an excellent climate, overlooking the large lake and three meadows…which stretch below it…
(4) “Setting priorities for protected area planning in a conflict zone – Afghanistan’s National Protected Area System Plan”, McKenzie F Johnson, Nina Kanderian, Christopher C Shank, Haqiq Rahmani, David Lawson, Peter Smallwood, University of Richmond (2012)
(5) The Asian Waterbird Census is an annual count of waterbirds in Asia (from Afghanistan eastwards to Japan) and Australasia which monitors populations, evaluates sites and aims to encourage interest in waterbirds.
The species recorded as part of the census at Kol-e Hashmat Khan on 6 April 2016 – with common English, Latin and (where known) Dari names – were:
Little Grebe, Tachybaptus ruficollis
Great Egret, Casmerodius alba, sabz-e aqar safid
Grey Heron, Ardea cinerea, sabz-e aqar
Common Teal, Anas crecca
Northern Pintail, Anas acuta
Eurasian Widgeon, Anas penelope
Northern Shoveler, Anas clypeata
Mallard, Anas plathyrhynchos
Tufted duck, Aythya fuligula, kakule-ye gelasi
Moorhen, Gallinula chloropus, suara-ye turturak
Coot, Fulica atra, qushqul
Common Redshank, Tringa totanus
Ruff, Philomachus pugnax
Little Stint, Calidris minuta
Brown-headed Gull, Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus
Barn Swallow, Hirundo rustica, ghachi
White Wagtail, subspecies ‘Masked Wagtail’, Motacilla alba personata
Eurasian Tree Sparrow, Passer montanus
Eurasian Magpie, Pica pica, akak
(6) Birdwatchers had come via the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), BORDA – a German NGO specialising in waste water – the local rangers and the Kabul Birdwatching Club.
(7) See footnote 5 for some of the Dari names reported by Ranger Massum Barbari. Others were: cormorant, zagh-e abi; golden eye, chamach; little crake, turturak; pelican, qutan; teal, chircha and shellduck, surkh ab.
(8) The little grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis), mallard (Anas plathyrhynchos), coot (Fulica atra), and common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) were found to be breeding “with certitude” (ie nests, eggs and young seen). In the 1960s, ten species were reported to be breeding at the lake.
(9) Thomas Ruttig writes:
If you can read German, refer to these two pages from an article by Jochen Niethammer about Kol-e Hashmat Khan, under the title “Zwei Jahre Vogelbeobachtungen an stehenden Gewässern bei Kabul in Afghanistan” (“Two Years of Birdwatching at Standing Bodies of Water near Kabul in Afghanistan”) in the Journal für Ornithologie, no 2/1967. (The whole article has a paywall.) Niethammer was a guest lecturer at Kabul University’s Faculty of Sciences from 1964 and 1966. In one to two week intervals, he registered the birds of two lakes – Kol-e Hashmat Khan and Kargha Lake – near Kabul between August 1964 and September 1966 and estimated their numbers. Of the 160 registered species, almost half were waterfowl, six of which bred at the lakes. Two of them, the black-necked grebe (Podiceps nigricollis) and common pochard (Aythya farina), were newly discovered as breeding birds in Afghanistan.
His father, Günther Niethammer, travelled three times to Afghanistan in his position as director of the Department of Ornithology of the Zoological Research Museum Alexander König and chairman of the German Zoological Society in 1965, 1966 and 1972. The father also wrote a 1941 article “Beobachten über die Vogelwelt von Auschwitz” (“Sketches about the Birdlife of Auschwitz”). He was a member of the Waffen-SS, and first a guard, later officially an ornithologist at the Auschwitz concentration camp. Sentenced to a prison term in Poland after the war, he then went back to Germany to become on of its leading zoologists.
(10) The following bird species were recorded by the Wildlife Conservation Society at Kol-e Hashmat Khan Wetland between March 2007 and April 2010. Those in bold are vulnerable (VU) or near threatened (NT), ie of global conservation concern:
1 Black-necked Grebe, 3 (sic) Little Grebe, 4 Great Crested Grebe, 5 Dalmatian Pelican (VU), 6 Great Cormorant, 7 Little Egret, 8 Great Egret, 9 Grey Heron, 10 Indian Pond-heron, 11 Little Bittern, 12 Glossy Ibis, 13 Eurasian Spoonbill, 14 Greylag Goose, 15 Common Shelduck, 16 Ruddy Shelduck, 17 Common Teal, 18 Garganey, 19 Gadwall, 20 Eurasian Wigeon, 21 Northern Shoveler, 22 Northern Pintail, 23 Mallard, 24 Tufted Duck, 25 Ferruginous Duck (NT), 26 Common Pochard, 27 Red-crested Pochard, 28 Cotton Teal, 29 Black Kite, 30 Long-legged Buzzard, 31 Golden Eagle, 32 Western Marsh Harrier, 33 Eastern Imperial Eagle (VU), 34 Common Kestrel, 35 Eastern Baillon’s Crake, 36 European Water Rail, 37 Moorhen, 38 Eurasian Coot, 39 Pied Avocet, 40 Black-winged Stilt, 41 Black-tailed Godwit (NT), 42 Lesser Sand Plover, 43 Little Ringed Plover, 44 Common Greenshank, 45 Wood sandpiper, 46 Green Sandpiper, 47 Common Sandpiper, 48 Common Redshank, 49 Spotted Redshank, 50 Ruff, 51 Dunlin, 52 Little Stint, 53 Common Snipe, 54 Steppe Gull, 55 Great Black-headed Gull, 56 Common Black-headed Gull, 57 Slender-billed Gull, 58 Gull-billed Tern, 59 Common Tern, 60 Whiskered Tern, 61 Laughing Dove, 62 Eurasian Collared-dove, 63 Rose-ringed Parakeet, 64 Common Cuckoo, 65 European Roller (NT), 66 Common Hoopoe, 67 Common Kingfisher, 68 European Bee-eater, 69 Eurasian Crag-martin, 70 Northern House-martin, 71 Barn Swallow, 72 Grey Wagtail, 73 Citrine Wagtail, 74 White Wagtail, 75 Water Pipit, 76 Tree Pipit, 77 Long-tailed Shrike, 78 Shrike, 79 Desert Wheatear, 80 Common Stonechat, 81 Indian Reed-warbler, 82 Blyth’s Reed-warbler, 83 Siberian Chiffchaff, 84 Hume’s Leaf-warbler, 85 House Sparrow, 86 Eurasian Tree Sparrow, 87 Rock Sparrow, 88 Rosy Starling, 89 Common Starling, 90 Common Myna, 91 Hooded Crow, 92 Carrion Crow, 93 Eurasian Magpie.
(11) The government’s “National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan: Framework for Implementation 2014-2017” says:
Mean annual temperatures in Afghanistan have increased by 0.6°C since 1960 or about 0.13°C per decade. Increased temperatures have been most pronounced during the autumn, with increases of 0.29°C per decade. Mean rainfall has decreased slightly at an average rate of 2% per decade, mainly due to decreases in spring precipitation (Savage et al. 2008).
Afghanistan has historically experienced climate cycles of about 15 years, of which 2–3 are generally drought. In recent years, however, there has been a marked tendency for this drought cycle to occur more frequently than the historical model predicts. Since 1960, the country has experienced drought in 1963-64, 1966-67, 1970-72 and 1998-2006. The period 1998 to 2005/6 marked the longest and most severe drought in Afghanistan’s known climatic history (ECHO 2006). This increased frequency of drought in recent years appears to be a consequence of increased temperature coupled with reduced spring precipitation (Savage et al. 2008).
(12) A new project for the lake, funded by the Global Environmental Facility, is being developed by the National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA) and Ministry of Agriculture with the close coordination and support of the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) and UNEP.
Pendant sa dernière séance plénière du 12 avril le Parlement a adopté la Résolution sur la situation en Méditerranée et la nécessité d’une approche globale des migrations de la part de l’Union européenne, dont le texte a été rédigée par les eurodéputées Roberta Metsola (PPE) et Kashetu Kyenge (S&D).
Les travaux des deux rapporteurs ont duré pour plus d’un an et le texte du rapport qui a été présenté en Plénière a été marqué par plusieurs interventions et amendements avant son adoption au sein de la Commission LIBE (presque 300 amendements de compromis).
La résolution se base sur une approche globale et holistique de la question des migrations et envisage plusieurs aspects du phénomène, qui vont de la protection internationale et du droit d’asile aux migrations pour raisons économiques. Parmi les points les plus importants, la résolution incite à une révision du Règlement Dublin III, à la mise en place des visa humanitaires, au respect des mesure de relocation aussi bien qu’à la révision de la Directive « carte bleue » et à la rédaction d’une liste européenne de pays d’origine sure.
« Il ne faut pas combattre les migrations, mais les gérer », a dit Kashetsu Kyenge, lors du débat qui a précédé l’adoption du rapport. En fait, la résolution refuse explicitement une approche d’urgence, en cherchant d’analyser et de trouver des solutions susceptibles de tenir compte des conséquences immédiates de la crise migratoire aussi bien que les causes profondes du phénomène.
Comme nous l’avons vu, la résolution se focalise sur plusieurs aspects de la migration, de la lutte contre la traite et le trafic de migrants aux mesures d’intégration et d’accueil des migrants.
Pour ce qui concerne la révision du Règlement Dublin III, la résolution reconnaît en premier lieu que le système de Dublin ne prend pas suffisamment en considération les pressions migratoires que subissent les Etats membres situés aux frontières extérieures de l’Union, notamment la Grèce et l’Italie. Dans ce cadre, le texte avance des critiques face au critère selon lequel l’Etat de première entrée est le responsable de l’examen d’une demande de protection, en précisant que ce critère n’était pas conçu sur la base d’un principe de solidarité et de partage de responsabilités entre Etats, mais uniquement pour identifier de façon rapide l’Etat membre responsable du traitement d’une demande de protection internationale.
En vertu de ces considérations, les rapporteurs proposent la mise en place d’un système centralisé au niveau de l’ UE. Cela signifierait que, tout d’abord, le demandeur d’asile serait considéré non pas comme une personne qui cherche asile dans un Etat membre, mais en tant que personne demandant protection au sein de l’Union.
Dans ce contexte, l’Union devrait établir des seuils d’arrivée pour chaque Etat membre. Cette répartition devrait se dérouler à partir des points d’accès (« hotspots »), dans le respect du principe de l’unité familiale et de l’intérêt supérieur de l’enfant.
Pour ce qui concerne les visas humanitaires, cette prévision permettrait aux demandeurs d’asile et de protection internationale la possibilité d’entrer de façon sure et légale dans un pays tiers pour y demander protection. Le demandeur pourrait obtenir ce type de visa au sein de l’ambassade ou du consulat du pays en question. Le document en question devrait lui permettre d’entrer sur le territoire de l’Etat membre qui lui a délivré le visa, avec le seul but d’y déposer une demande de protection. Dans ce cadre, la résolution propose une modification du code visas de l’Union, afin d’y inclure aussi des prévisions qui concernent de façon spécifique les visas humanitaires.
La résolution envisage aussi un changement de la Directive sur la protection temporaire. Dans ce cadre, les rapporteurs remarquent que la Directive en question n’a jamais été appliquée, alors que le recours à cet instrument pourrait aider les pays de l’Union à gérer un afflux massif de migrants, comme c’est le cas actuellement après la crise syrienne.
Dans le but de rendre plus simple l’application de cette Directive, la résolution en propose une révision, qui devrait inclure une définition claire et précise du concept de « afflux massif ».
Ensuite, la résolution prend en considération aussi la question de la rédaction d’une liste européenne des pays d’origines sures. Les rapporteurs critiquent notamment la tendance des Etats membres à faire recours à différentes listes de pays surs , attitude qui non seulement porte atteinte aux droit d’asile en soi, mais qui favorise aussi les mouvements secondaires et un manque d’uniformité dans l’application des normes européennes en la matière.
Pour ce qui concerne les point d’accès (« hotspots »), la résolution demande qu’ils soient mis en place de façon rapide, de sorte que les Etats membres les plus intéressés par l’arrivées des demandeurs soient aidés concrètement. De même, les rapporteurs demandent que les pays de première arrivée reçoivent une aide financière et technique, afin d’assurer l’enregistrement rapide et efficace des migrants qui arrivent sur leurs territoires.
Enfin, le rapport se concentre aussi sur le domaine de la migration pour raisons « économiques ». Dans ce contexte, les rapporteurs remarquent que, sur la base de l’article 79 du Traité FUE, les Etats membres sont libres de fixer le nombre de ressortissants de pays tiers qui peuvent être admis sur leur territoire pour des raisons liées à la recherche d’un emploi. Cela dit, la résolution souligne que le cadre législatif concernant cette catégorie de migrants est morcelé et pas harmonisé, puisqu’il se base sur différentes sous-catégories de travailleurs.
De même, le Parlement met en évidence le fait que l’application de la Directive « carte bleue » a été fortement marquée par des difficultés, comme les Etats membres restent toujours assez libres de l’appliquer et de conserver des systèmes nationaux parallèles. La résolution critique aussi le fait que la Directive ne soit axée que sur des métiers hautement qualifiés et exigeants des qualifications très élevées.
Selon le discours en plénière du rapporteur Roberta Metsola, « Il n’existe pas une solution simple, ni de remèdes miracle à la question de la migration. Nous avons besoin de plus de solutions d’urgence et d’une approche durable pour l’avenir ».
Le rapport a été adopté avec 459 votes favorables, 206 votes contraires et 52 abstentions.
Pendant le débat en plénière, plusieurs députés appartenant au ECR se sont déclarés opposés à une quelconque modification du Règlement Dublin. De même, le group s’est aussi plaint du fait que la résolution ne contiendrait aucune référence à la question des retours.
Par contre, le group ALDE a jugé positivement le rapport, en appréciant la tendance vers la création d’un système d’asile qui soit véritablement commun et partagé.
Bien que l’eurodéputée Barbara Spinelli ait accueilli avec faveur une partie du rapport, elle a pris l’occasion pour critiquer l’absence totale de référence et de dénoncer des accords entre l’Union européenne et la Turquie. Une opportunité ratée, selon la députée et son group.
Toutefois, la ladite députée a proposé une question écrite adressée à la Commission, concernant la conformité de l’accord UE-Turquie avec le principe de non-refoulement de la Convention de 1951 des Nations Unies sur le statut de refugié. L’initiative a été signée par 59 eurodéputés. Parmi eux, Judith Sargentini et Bodil Valero (Vert), Sophie In’t Veld (ALDE), Ana Gomes, Soraya Post et Elly Schlein (S&D), Gabi Zimmer, Marisa Matias, Marie-Christine Vergiat, Eleonora Forenza et Curzio Maltese (GUE/NGL), Laura Ferrara, Ignazio Corrao, Dario Tamburrano et Fabio Castaldo (EFDD/M5Stelle).
Francesca Rondine
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A hadifoglyok előbb-utóbb hazatérnek, de mi várja majd őket?
Good evening. Let me first of all thank Prime Minister Davutoglu for the invitation to Gaziantep today. We last met in Brussels on 18 March, when we concluded an ambitious agreement between the European Union and Turkey with an aim to stem irregular migration and to create a legal avenue for refugees to seek and obtain asylum in Europe. Our visit here today is part of the follow-up to that agreement.
Combined with other actions we have taken together with the Western Balkans countries, in Greece and by stepping up our support to refugees in third countries, we are starting to see results.
Since the March agreement we have seen a sharp reduction of the illegal migration flows across the Aegean. Our return operations are working in tandem with resettlements of Syrian nationals from Turkey to EU Member States, demonstrating the desired shift from illegal to legal migration.
This is a big and complex undertaking and much work still lies ahead of us. Our visit here today gives us the opportunity to discuss with Prime Minister Davutoglu the further implementation and next steps.
Today I also had another opportunity to assess the situation with regard to the Syrian refugees in Turkey. After visiting a refugee camp in Nizip, I was pleased also to participate in the inauguration of a child protection centre in Gaziantep on the occasion of the National Sovereignty and Children's Day in Turkey. A number of other projects are currently being launched through the EU Facility for Refugees in Turkey. Programming under the Facility has been accelerated.
Beyond our cooperation on the migration crisis, we will take stock of our revitalised bilateral relations. It also includes an accelerated roadmap for visa liberalisation. The way I see it, Turkey has made good progress ahead of decisions to be taken this summer, provided that Turkey meets all the agreed benchmarks.
One of the most crucial subjects of our discussion will be the conflict in Syria and the need for political talks to get back on track. Recent attacks on civilians and the prevention of humanitarian access are cynical attempts to derail the only real chance to stop the bloodshed.
Let me conclude, Prime Minister Davutoglu, dear Ahmet, by thanking you once again for your invitation, but also for your involvement and determination.
I would just like to add that, and it is not only a formal and political assessment but it is also my very private, personal feeling also after today's visit, that today Turkey is the best example for the whole world on how we should treat refugees. No one has the right to lecture Turkey what you should do. I am very proud that we are partners. I am absolutely sure that we will succeed. There is no other way.