Im Nordosten Myanmars sind Kämpfe zwischen den Streitkräften der Zentralregierung und einer aus ethnischen Chinesinnen und Chinesen bestehenden Rebellengruppe wiederaufgeflammt. Auf den ersten Blick ist dies nur eine Randnotiz der internationalen Politik. Doch der Konflikt zeigt europäischen Beobachterinnen und Beobachtern, dass China – sonst derzeit vor allem aufgrund der Streitigkeiten im Südchinesischen Meer in den Schlagzeilen – in bestimmten Fällen zurückhaltender agieren kann: Die Lage in dem kulturell und wirtschaftlich chinesisch geprägten Gebiet böte einer auf nationalistische Emotionen setzenden Führung in Beijing einen plausiblen Anlass, um als Schutzmacht ethnischer Chinesinnen und Chinesen im Ausland aufzutreten. Im Falle Myanmars ist Beijing jedoch offenbar bereit, nationale Befindlichkeiten zugunsten langfristiger strategischer Ziele zurückzustellen. Das chinesische Verhalten beruht auf einem pragmatischen strategischen Ansatz Beijings: Wichtige Nachbarn sollen nicht irritiert werden.
History is problematic.
Le 11 janvier 2015 a résonné avec fracas sur notre système politique. Face à l’atrocité, la société française s’est rassemblée et a démontré que les clivages n’ont plus lieu d’être. Puisque l’union fait la force, il est maintenant grand temps de concevoir les quelques grandes réformes pouvant largement rassembler et répondre à l’attente d’une nouvelle offre politique.
Cet article Alain Madelin : Unir pour agir : un programme pour la croissance est apparu en premier sur Fondapol.
En l’honneur de la 200e session en région de l’Institut des hautes études de défense nationale (IHEDN), la mairie de Bordeaux a reçu les auditeurs de cette session,...
Après l’Egypte et l’Inde, et peut-être la Malaisie et les Émirats arabes unis, le Qatar vient d’annoncer à son tour l’achat de 24 avions Rafale. Comment expliquer ce succès après une décennie d’échecs à l’exportation ?
Cela peut paraître étonnant mais cela est un peu dû au hasard. Il y a peu de débouchés pour ce type d’avions. Les échecs sur dix ans, c’est aussi moins d’une dizaine de pays dont certains étaient la chasse gardée des États-Unis comme la Corée du Sud ou Singapour. Avec ces trois contrats, la France atteint un taux de réussite d’environ 30%, ce qui n’est pas mal car il y a en général quatre concurrents sur les marchés à l’exportation : les Américains avec plusieurs types d’avions selon les demandes, les Russes, les Européens avec l’Eurofighter, et le Gripen suédois. Sur les trois contrats, deux d’entre eux étaient attendus car le choix du Rafale était arrêté : celui du Qatar et de l’Inde. En revanche, l’Egypte est une surprise ; la décision finale est liée au refroidissement de ses relations avec les États-Unis.
Une autre raison vient du fait que le Rafale est aujourd’hui à la fois un avion moderne mais éprouvé. Les Américains vont de plus en plus promouvoir le F-35, qui est plus cher, face au Rafale qui, en vieillissant, devient une meilleure option. De plus, le Rafale est un avion qui est régulièrement employé depuis cinq ans dans le cadre des opérations extérieures en Afghanistan, en Libye et au Mali.
En troisième lieu, l’État français et Dassault ont travaillé ensemble pour promouvoir cet équipement, ce qui ne fut pas toujours le cas dans le passé, notamment lors de l’échec au Maroc. On ne peut exporter des équipements aussi stratégiques et aussi chers sans une coordination étroite entre cette entreprise et l’État. Le fait que François Hollande signe en personne le contrat au Qatar, témoigne de l’importance de cette vente.
Enfin – et cela a été peu souligné -, l’Egypte, le Qatar et l’Inde disposaient de Mirage 2000. Les Indiens ont même décidé il y a quelques années de moderniser leur Mirage 2000-5. C’est une preuve de confiance quant à la qualité du matériel qui doit être soulignée.
Que penser de la négociation des contrats de vente des Rafale ? Peuvent-ils être préjudiciables à long terme, notamment ceux concernant l’Inde et le Qatar ?
Pour l’Inde, le contrat qui vient d’être signé ne comprend pas, pour l’heure, de transfert de technologie… et c’est sans doute plus un handicap qu’une bonne nouvelle sur le long terme. A court terme, il est certain que les trente-six avions vendus seront fabriqués en France. C’est de l’emploi garanti pour les cinq prochaines années, notamment en Aquitaine. Sur le long terme, l’Inde souhaite développer son industrie aéronautique militaire et ne peut pas le faire sans partenariat technologique. Nous connaissons parfaitement les mesures à prendre pour conserver une longueur d’avance, même avec des transferts de technologie, et donc limiter les risques de concurrence dans le futur. Le contrat pour la vente de cent vingt-six avions prévu initialement, et qui continuera à être négocié, nous permettrait d’avoir un partenariat avec l’Inde sur le long terme. C’est un choix politique qui est fait, c’est aussi un choix industriel et technologique qui est plus compliqué car il peut nous conduire à des obligations d’assistance technologique qu’il faut maîtriser.
En ce qui concerne le Qatar, on se trouve dans un cas plus classique de troc, c’est-à-dire que le pays acheteur souhaite obtenir des compensations vis-à-vis de son achat, qui ne sont pas directement liés à l’acquisition de Rafale. En l’occurrence, le Qatar aurait demandé des droits de trafic supplémentaires pour sa compagnie aérienne en France sur Nice et Lyon. Dans ce cas, il est donc nécessaire d’arbitrer entre l’intérêt commercial du constructeur aéronautique Dassault et celui d’Air France, qui ont chacun des intérêts qui relèvent de l’intérêt général tant l’impact en termes d’image et d’emploi est important dans les deux cas. Il est sûr que cette vente intervient dans une période très conflictuelle à ce niveau puisque la France et l’Allemagne ont par ailleurs demandé à la Commission européenne de négocier un accord équitable avec les compagnies aériennes du Golfe, accusées de concurrence déloyale.
Ces 84 avions de combat vendus ou en passe de l’être, et bientôt 50 hélicoptères en Pologne, font de l’année 2015 une année record pour la vente d’armes à l’exportation de la France. Peut-on imaginer que cette situation perdure à l’avenir ou n’est-ce finalement qu’une bouffée d’oxygène sans lendemain ?
En moyenne, nous vendons pour six à sept milliards d’euros d’armement par an. En 2015, le chiffre des prises de commandes pourrait avoisiner les dix-huit milliards d’euros. C’est sans précédent. C’est une conjonction extraordinaire et cela va permettre d’alimenter notre industrie pendant cinq à six ans dans la mesure où on ne construit pas 84 avions de combat et 50 hélicoptères du jour au lendemain. Par le passé, nous avions déjà connu une autre année exceptionnelle en 1984, avec un montant de 61 milliards de francs. Si on prend en compte l’inflation, le montant n’était donc certainement pas très éloigné de celui qui sera atteint en 2015. La mesure des ventes d’armes se fait donc plus sur des périodes de cinq ou dix ans. L’objectif pourrait être de maintenir une moyenne de huit à neuf milliards d’euros, plus élevé qu’il ne l’est actuellement, mais en deçà du chiffre que l’on atteindra en 2015.
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A group of high-level international diplomats and government representatives said the proliferation of conflicts in Africa points to the need for the United Nations (UN) to rethink the way it works with the African Union (AU) in promoting peace and security on the continent.
This emerged from a May 4th policy forum on the topic of “Advancing Chapter VIII: The AU-UN experience” co-hosted by IPI, the African Union Commission, and the Permanent Mission of Sweden to the UN. During the event, top AU and UN officials said that when it comes to solving Africa’s conflicts, Chapter VIII of the UN Charter should serve as the main point of reference. However, they also lamented that its text has largely been neglected over the years.
Chapter VIII of the UN Charter states that UN members should “make every effort to achieve pacific settlement of local disputes through such regional arrangements or by such regional agencies before referring them to the Security Council.” Over the years, the provision has been interpreted as urging the UN to support such regional arrangements in order to help maintain the peace.
“The very simple conclusion is that we cannot do it alone,” said UN Deputy Secretary-General Jan Eliasson. “There is no organization, whether it’s the United Nations, regional organizations, or a government, that can handle today’s problems alone. In today’s globalized, complex world,” he continued, “we have to find solutions together.”
Mr. Eliasson said some of the conflict-mediation tools used so far are no longer relevant because the changing nature of conflict and the rise of new military actors have changed the calculus when it comes to war and peace. Organizations like the UN and the AU, he said, should adjust to this switch and realize that effective conflict resolution can only come through cooperation.
The first step to take would be for the UN to change the mindset with which it operates, he said, going from a vertical to a horizontal approach to regional organizations. “This means [we have to] look at the competences we have, identify the problems, put the problem at the center, and then ask ourselves who can do something about it,” he said, adding that this would ideally lead to an effective division of labor between the UN and other organizations.
The deputy chairperson of the African Union Commission, Erastus Mwencha, agreed with Mr. Eliasson on the need for better communication between the UN and regional bodies such as the AU. “Let’s be candid and agree that we are sometimes part of the problem and therefore should be part of the solution,” he said. Africa currently hosts the vast majority of UN peacekeeping missions, he said, and at the various meetings and summits the discussions are always the same, covering the same issues.
“There is a danger that we are either working in silos [or] prescribing the same things,” he said. “We should ask ourselves: Can we be more innovative? Can we be active on the ground? Can we see action?”
Better cooperation in maintaining peace and security is all the more timely, the panelists said, given recent global developments. According to Peter Wallensteen, professor of Peace and Conflict Research at Uppsala University in Sweden, 2014 was one of the deadliest years in recent history in terms of battle-related casualties.
“We calculated that last year about 100,000 people died in political battles involving the use of weapons for political purposes,” he said. “Half of those deaths are recorded in Syria.”
The most striking factor behind these conflicts, Mr. Wallensteen said, is how internationalized they have become. “They are not just fought in a territory of one country,” he noted. “[There’s] a lot of international involvement, not only by far away countries but by neighbors”—which indicates that regions are also failing to ensure the peace.
For its part, the AU has been actively involved in conflict management and resolution on the continent, the panelists said. Annika Söder, Sweden’s vice-minister for Foreign Affairs, praised the work carried out by the AU over the past 15 years, noting that the situation now is very different from what it was back then. That said, she also stressed that there are some aspects of the AU-UN relationship that could be reassessed, first among them the issue of inclusivity, especially when it comes to peacebuilding efforts.
“If you do not involve ordinary people, if we do not see to it that there’s an ownership of the processes that we engage in,” she said, “they will obviously not last.”
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Why is this election important for Britain?
It is important because it represents new political ground. Most of the elections since World War II have returned a clear Labour or Conservative majority. The last one didn’t and proved that a coalition government, which is very unusual in the UK, could actually govern for five years.
This election is a test of whether a multitude of opinions can be expressed without achieving a clear majority in Parliament. The British first-past-the-post system means that if there are only two parties you are going to have a clear majority. Now, in addition to the LibDems, UKIP probably won’t get any seats. The Scottish National Party will take what Labour used to have in Scotland away from them. So it’s becoming a multiparty system and this is the first test of how that multiparty system will evolve.
What is also interesting is that this election is not important for any policy reasons. The probability is that whoever wins, there will not be any big changes.
Why are neither Labour nor the Tories in a position to win a majority?
It’s because neither of them has any ideas. There is no electoral battleground and consequently the campaign has been virtually devoid of substance and the leaders have virtually nothing concrete to propose.
Is foreign policy a factor in these elections?
With respect to foreign policy, it is not important that Britain is not important. There is no question that Britain is in the midst of an identity crisis, but I think it is going back to what it always was, which is a kind of turntable, not really part of Europe, definitely part of the Atlantic, very much an offshore island and one that is capable of supporting a lot of globalized phenomena. France, on the other hand, could not possibly do that because it is at the heart of Europe. It is very strategic about its military. The Brits are not strategic about anything. The Brits are pathetic at strategy, but they are fantastic at keeping calm and carrying on, “muddling through.”
There is minimal substance to this election and very little at stake. The reason why it is said to be the most important British election in a generation has to do with how the political system works, but it’s not about the policies that will be implemented afterwards.
What does a waning Britain mean for the United States? Is the “special relationship” between the United States and Britain still special?
The “special relationship” is waning on both sides. There is an increasing feeling in Europe generally that the United States is simply not as much a part of the strategic equation globally as it used to be.
The United States is seen as having fallen short strategically ever since 9/11. Obama has tried to repair this by means of a strategic retreat. But there is certainly the conviction in Britain that they don’t wish to toady to the American superpower because the American superpower has got it wrong repeatedly. There is no scope for repeating what is perceived as Tony Blair’s rather slavish following of George W. Bush.
The special relationship was born out of a situation of absolute desperation, which was Winston Churchill needing the United States to get into World War II. Indeed, Franklin Roosevelt was quite reluctant to get into an alliance with Britain, which was seen very much as an imperial and imperialist power.
Britain today doesn’t have any significant capability to project power globally. The only member of NATO besides the US that has that ability now is France. Britain’s military is at its lowest level since the 18th century—since England lost the American colonies and the United States came into being. They have no aircraft carrier, they have no homegrown defense industry, and their nuclear capability is essentially controlled by the United States.
The EU has basically discounted Britain as a political actor. Britain does not have that much significance in NATO because its defense capability is quite limited.
From a policy standpoint, the special relationship with the United States is less and less meaningful because there is no appetite amongst the British public to have their government follow a policy made by people in Washington that they disagree with.
There have been articles saying that, viewed from Washington, the special relationship isn’t that special. Viewed from London it’s not really that special either. The fact that the Brits decided to become members of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank at the invitation of the Chinese—and against American wishes—just shows that they are going back to historical type, which is to be a kind of international platform. They have little or no domestic industry of their own, they don’t have much besides financial services and media and retail in terms of business sectors, but they are a very globalized place that is excellent at attracting wealth and talent.
Under David Cameron, defense spending has fallen below the suggested NATO minimum of 2 percent of GDP. Is that likely to change?
I don’t think so. If you look at France, there is an absolute determination across all party lines that France should remain globally important in terms of diplomacy and defense. The British version of that is: “We are important anyway. We have the English language. We used to have a big empire.” Britain tends to see things in historical terms. They have no plan for the future.
Cameron’s success in making a coalition government work has been actually pretty impressive. Not that he has got that much done, but he certainly has managed to stay in power and more or less keep the coalition together.
Cameron’s coalition with the LibDems is in question. Where will the LibDems throw their support now?
They’ll support whoever offers them a better deal. Nick Clegg has made it reasonably clear that he is going to feel free to swing to the left or swing to the right. It is pretty certain that neither Labour nor the Conservatives are likely to get a parliamentary majority that enables them to govern on their own. If either of them has a chance to do this, it is probably the Conservatives.
This morning’s polls gave 34 percent support for the Conservatives and 33 percent for Labour. These percentages don’t mean anything more in Britain than they do in the United States in terms of the popular vote. What counts is whether you win seats in Parliament in individual constituencies.
The LibDems are not going to be as big a force as they were, and the SNP could actually end up with more seats than the LibDems. But both the Tories and Labour have ruled out doing a deal with the SNP. Consequently, even with fewer seats than before, the LibDems could still be the kingmakers.
What are the main issues in this election?
Personalities, taxes to some extent, and competency to run the economy. What you would expect to be the main issue after five years of rather ineffectual coalition government would be either a major, visionary strategy for Britain in the 21st century or the desire for some very strong, clear government policy that requires a majority for one party so it can implement its program. But there is no vision of any kind for Britain in the 21st century except muddle through, keep calm and carry on, and being a kind a globalized platform, which Britain is very good at.
Don’t forget: Britain is not a republic. Brits get one vote for one member of Parliament every five years and that’s it. So the British people are not especially politically engaged: they just want the freedom to earn a living, educate their children, amass some wealth, and go on holiday. The election is really about no more than that. And then it becomes, basically: Who do I have more faith in?
Action contre la Faim (ACF) et l’Institut de relations internationales et stratégiques (IRIS) présentent “GEOTALK, improving our world’s understanding” :
Conférence du 16 avril 2015 avec Gérard Prunier, Consultant international pour l’Afrique centrale et orientale, sur la situation en Somalie.
Introduction de Mike PENROSE, Directeur Général d’Action contre la Faim, France. Présentation de Marie SARDIER, Référente Sécurité Alimentaire et Moyens d’Existence, ACF.
Laurence Daziano a participé le mercredi 29 avril 2015 à l’émission « Culturesmonde » sur France Culture présentée par Xavier Martinet.
Cet article France Culture – Intervention de Laurence Daziano sur les nouveaux pays émergents est apparu en premier sur Fondapol.