Africa

By Jomo Kwame Sundaram
KUALA LUMPUR, Malaysia, Apr 14 2026 (IPS)

Trump 2.0 has been marked by the blatantly aggressive exercise of power to secure US interests as defined by him. While many recent trends even predate his first term, his reduced use of ‘soft power’ has exposed his bullying, extortionary use of US power.

Jomo Kwame Sundaram

Rule of law?
Trade liberalisation has been reversed for at least two decades. Almost all G20 developed nations raised trade barriers following the 2008-09 global, actually Western, financial crisis.

The US has illegally weaponised more laws and policies, especially by unilaterally imposing sanctions and tariffs, especially on dissenting regimes.

Often, such threats are not ends in themselves but actually weapons to strengthen the US bargaining position to secure more advantageous deals.

Under World Trade Organization (WTO) rules, members are obliged to extend ‘most favoured nation’ status to all other member nations.

On April 2, 2025, President Trump announced supposedly ‘reciprocal tariffs’, ostensibly responding to others having trade surpluses with the US.

Appealing to the WTO dispute settlement mechanism is futile, as the US has blocked the appointment of Appellate Body members since the Obama presidency.

Trump 2.0 has also been trying to get rich investors and governments – mainly from Europe, Japan, and the oil-rich Gulf states – to invest in the US.

Most such investments are in financial markets, rather than the real economy. Such portfolio investments have propped up asset prices, even bubbles.

Trump’s bullying is resented but has not been very effective vis-à-vis strong adversaries. Consequently, allies have been most affected and resentful.

Deepening stagflation
Meanwhile, much of the world economy has never really recovered from the COVID-19 slowdown, while Western sanctions and tariffs have raised production costs, worsening inflation.

Recent trends have also deepened the stagnation since 2009. Many governments and the IMF have made things worse by cutting spending when most needed.

Impacts have varied, generally worse in poorer countries, where the IMF limits policy options and credit rating agencies raise borrowing costs.

US Fed chair Powell’s interest rate hikes, ostensibly to address inflation, also reversed ‘quantitative easing’, which had lowered interest rates from 2009.

Trump’s aggression has reduced economic engagement with the US, inadvertently accelerating de-dollarisation, thus undermining the dollar’s ‘exorbitant privilege’.

Central banks worldwide have responded predictably, refusing to be counter-cyclical in the face of economic slowdown, citing inflationary pressures.

Transactional?
Trump’s transactional approach has meant bilateral, one-on-one dealings, further advantaging the world’s dominant power.

Involving one-time asymmetric ‘zero-sum games’, such transactions ensure the US gains, necessarily at the expense of the ‘other’. Transactionalism also enables ‘buying influence’, or corruption.

The resulting uncertainty reduces investments, not only in the US, but everywhere, due to greater perceived risks, exacerbating the stagnation. Thus, Trump 2.0 policies have reduced investment and growth.

The whole world, including the US, has suffered much ‘collateral damage’, but the White House seems content as long as others lose more.

Unipolar sovereigntism
The transitions to unipolar sovereigntism and then to a multipolar world have been much debated.

Three decades ago, the influential US Council on Foreign Relations’ journal, Foreign Affairs, argued that the post-Cold War unipolar world was actually ‘sovereigntist’.

NATO Secretary-General Mark Rutte’s ‘Daddy’ reference to Trump suggests that the sovereigntist moment is not quite over, as the US ‘No Kings’ mobilisation suggests.

Trump’s ‘America First’ clearly opposes multilateralism, generating broader concerns. He has withdrawn the US from many, but not all, multilateral bodies.

On January 7, the US withdrew from 66 international organisations deemed “wasteful, ineffective, or harmful”, addressing issues it claimed were “contrary” to national interests.

Trump’s continued, selective use of multilateral bodies has served him well, retaining privileges, e.g., permanent membership of the UN Security Council with veto power.

The UN Security Council’s Gaza ceasefire resolution was used to create and legitimise his Board of Peace, now touted by some as an alternative to the UN!

Trump will not withdraw from the WTO as its Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement is key to US tech bros’ trillions from transnational IP.

End of soft power
Some of Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney’s January 20th remarks at Davos are telling:

“More recently, great powers have begun using economic integration as weapons, tariffs as leverage. Financial infrastructure as coercion. Supply chains as vulnerabilities to be exploited.

“You cannot live within the lie of mutual benefit through integration when integration becomes the source of your subordination… If we are not at the table, we are on the menu.”

Besides exercising overwhelming military superiority, Trump 2.0 has increasingly weaponised rules, agreements and economic relations to its advantage.

The abandonment of ‘soft power’ – accelerated by Elon Musk’s DOGE – has ripped the velvet glove off US ‘hegemony’, exposing the mailed fist beneath.

USAID and other US government-funded agencies and programmes have been crucial for soft power, fostering the illusion of domination with consent. Abandoning soft power may well increase the costs of achieving America First.

IPS UN Bureau

 

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By CIVICUS
Apr 13 2026 (IPS)

 
CIVICUS discusses recent regressive changes to Argentina’s labour laws with Facundo Merlán Rey, an activist with the Coordination Against Police and Institutional Repression (CORREPI), an organisation that defends workers’ rights and resists state repression.

Facundo Merlán Rey

Argentina has just passed the most significant changes to labour legislation in half a century. Driven by President Javier Milei following his victory in the October 2025 parliamentary election, the law profoundly changes the conditions for hiring and dismissing workers, extends the working day, restricts the right to strike and removes protections for workers in some occupations. The government says the measures will boost formal employment and investment, but trade unions and social organisations warn they erode decades of hard-won rights. The law has triggered four general strikes and numerous protests.

What does the new law change and why did the government decide to push it through?

Capitalising on its victory in last year’s legislative election, which gave it a majority in both parliamentary chambers, the government pushed through a labour law that introduced changes on several fronts simultaneously.

It increases the daily maximum of working hours from eight to 12, with a weekly cap of 48. Hours worked beyond this limit no longer need to be paid separately, but can be accumulated and exchanged for days off at a later date.

It also introduces the concept of ‘dynamic wage’, allowing part of an employee’s pay to be determined based on merit or individual productivity. The employer can decide this unilaterally with no need for a collective agreement. This would allow two people to be paid differently for doing the same work.

The law creates the Labour Assistance Fund, an account to which the employer contributes three per cent of a worker’s salary, of which between one and 2.5 percentage points come from the worker’s pay. If dismissed, the worker receives the amount accumulated in that fund. This is deeply humiliating. It makes the worker contribute to the financing of their dismissal. Given that these contributions previously went into the pension system, the effect will also be to weaken pensions.

The law restricts the right to strike by expanding the list of occupations deemed essential, which means they are required to maintain at least 75 per cent of their operations during a strike. Previously, this category included air traffic control, electricity, gas, healthcare and water. Now it also includes customs, education at all levels except university, immigration, ports and telecommunications. In practice, this means that in these fields a strike will have a much more limited impact.

Finally, the law repeals the special regimes that regulated working conditions in some trades and professions. Over the next six months, hairdressers, private drivers, radio and telegraph operators and travelling salespeople will lose these protections. The Journalists’ Statute will be abolished from 2027 onwards.

At CORREPI, we believe all these measures are unconstitutional, as they directly contravene article 14 of the constitution, which guarantees the right to work and the right to decent living conditions. The changes put employers in a position of almost absolute dominance in an employment relationship, leaving workers with no real scope to defend their rights.

How have trade unions and social organisations reacted?

The most militant groups highlighted the problems with the new law clearly, but the response from the organised labour movement has been insufficient.

Union leaders responded with a belated and low-profile campaign plan. They have long been criticised for preferring discreet agreements to open confrontation, and this time was no different. They negotiated behind the scenes and secured concessions to protect themselves. The law maintains employers’ contributions to trade union health schemes and the union dues paid by workers for two years. The rights of workers as a whole were sidelined.

What impact are the changes having?

Although the law is already in force, its full implementation faces obstacles, partly because it has internal consistency issues that hinder its practical application. When the government attempts to apply it in employment areas that still retain rights, it will likely face legal challenges, which will increase social unrest.

Even so, some of its effects are already being felt. Unemployment is rising slowly but steadily. Factory closures, driven by the opening up of imports and the greater ease of dismissal, are pushing more workers into informal employment and multiple jobs. The result is a fall in consumption and a level of strain with outcomes that are difficult to predict.

The consequences extend beyond the economic sphere. Increasingly demanding working conditions, combined with high inflation and rising household debt, are taking a toll on workers’ mental health. Regrettably, there is already a worrying rise in the suicide rate.

There’s also a consequence that is harder to measure: this reform erodes the collective identity of workers. When work is informal, individuals tend to solve their problems on their own, making it much harder to organise to demand better conditions. In working-class neighbourhoods, drug trafficking is becoming established as an alternative source of employment, generating situations of violence that largely go unnoticed. Unfortunately, everything points to an ever-deepening social breakdown.

What lessons does this experience hold for the rest of the region?

Regional experience shows it is very difficult to reverse this kind of change. In Brazil, President Lula da Silva came to power in 2022 promising to repeal the labour law passed in 2017 under Michel Temer’s government, similarly opposed by social organisations and trade unions. However, he failed to do so, and the framework Temer left remains in force. Once passed, these laws tend to remain in place regardless of who governs next.

That’s why what’s happening in Argentina should not be viewed as an isolated phenomenon. The reform appears to be part of a broader direction that regional politics is taking under the influence of the USA, one of the main drivers of these changes and a supporter of the governments implementing them.

The weakening of labour rights and collective organising is not a side effect; it is the objective being pursued. Dismantling workers’ ability to organise collectively facilitates the advance of extractive and financial interests and guarantees access to cheap labour. In that sense, Argentina offers a warning to the rest of the region.

CIVICUS interviews a wide range of civil society activists, experts and leaders to gather diverse perspectives on civil society action and current issues for publication on its CIVICUS Lens platform. The views expressed in interviews are the interviewees’ and do not necessarily reflect those of CIVICUS. Publication does not imply endorsement of interviewees or the organisations they represent.

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SEE ALSO
‘Milei managed to capture social unrest and channel it through a disruptive political proposal’ CIVICUS Lens | Interview with Carlos Gervasoni 13.Dec.2025
‘Society must prepare to act collectively to defend rights and democracy’ CIVICUS Lens | Interview with Natalia Gherardi 27.Feb.2025
‘The state is abandoning its role as guarantor of access to rights’ CIVICUS Lens | Interview with Vanina Escales and Manuel Tufró 22.Jul.2024

 

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A motorcycle rider riding through flood in Kolkata, India. Cities should transform into sponges to absorb flood as part of climate adaptation. Credit: Pexels/Dibakar Roy

By Temily Baker, Leila Salarpour Goodarzi and Elisa Belaz
BANGKOK, Thailand, Apr 13 2026 (IPS)

As the Pacific recovers from a severe cyclone season and Asia braces for the monsoon, flood readiness has become a defining test of sustainable urban development.

The Asia and the Pacific 2026 SDG Progress Report signals a hard truth: while poverty reduction, health and basic infrastructure have advanced, the region is regressing on climate action, disaster resilience and biodiversity—areas now decisive for long-term development.

The widespread flooding across the region in November 2025 was not merely a weather event; it was a warning and a new baseline. From Hat Yai to Colombo, dense urban districts were underwater for days, exposing millions of people and billions in assets to cascading disruption.

Across the Asia-Pacific region, climate extremes are intensifying, increasing water inflow to drainage systems by over 53%. In coastal areas, flooding can halt transport, isolate communities, delay emergency response and lead to saltwater intrusion that damages agriculture and freshwater supplies.

ESCAP’s analysis (Figure 1) examines how these threats are expected to continue to increase in the region’s low-lying river deltas, small island nations and rapidly growing coastal cities. For example, Seenu Atoll in the Maldives is expected to face a six-fold jump in population exposure to coastal flooding by 2050.

Looking across the region, Jiangsu Province in China, West Bengal in India, Khula and Marisal Divisions of Bangladesh, and Bến Tre and Bạc Liêu Provinces of Viet Nam are all expected to see hundreds of thousands of people exposed along their respective coastlines in the next 25 years.

Figure 1 – Percentage of People Exposed to Coastal Flooding of 0.5 Meters and Above in States/Provinces Across the Asia-Pacific Region and in Atolls of the Maldives (2018 Baseline vs. 2050 RCP8.5).

In the face of these risks, cities become engines of growth only when they are resilient. So, why do many cities across the Asia-Pacific region find themselves underwater while others weathered the storm with far less disruption? The answer lies in whether cities treat rain as a resource or as waste

Traditional “grey” systems, such as pipes, pumps and channels, aim to move water out fast. In a nonstationary climate and denser urban fabric, this is no longer sufficient. Sponge city design blends green-blue-grey systems (permeable surfaces, parks, wetlands, bioswales, green corridors) with modernized drainage to capture, store, and safely release rainfall at the source.

China’s national Sponge City Initiative (launched in 2015) built on international practice and showed how integrated planning can retrofit districts and guide new growth to manage water where it falls. The logic is simple: expand infiltration and storage, reduce peak runoff and use engineered conveyance when and where needed.

Results from early adopters are tangible

In Wuhan, sponge city measures contributed to a 50% reduction in locations experiencing overflow and pipe overloading during high flow years. Over the life of assets, green-blue systems can cost significantly less than like-for-like grey expansions, while delivering co-benefits that traditional drains cannot: cooler neighborhoods, improved air quality, biodiversity and accessible public space.

For cities facing rising loss and damage under SDG 11.5 (deaths, affected people and economic losses), sponge city programmes generate a resilience dividend—not just a flood fix.

Sponge city thinking is also evolving toward smart hybrid infrastructure

Nature-based systems are being coupled with engineered assets and digital tools, such as digital twins, to model urban hydrology and optimize performance in real time, enabling city planners to simulate rainfall scenarios, forecast flood hotspots and manage infrastructure adaptively, thereby improving the effectiveness of sponge-city interventions.

This pairing turns static drainage into adaptive urban water management, essential as rainfall intensity and patterns shift, reducing and managing risk through early warning, community preparedness and basin scale controls.

Urban resilience is also ecological

The Asia-Pacific region is home to an estimated 30–40% of the world’s wetlands, yet only around 22% are formally protected. As wetland buffers are drained or reclaimed, cities lose natural absorption, filtration and surge moderation, just as extremes intensify. Protecting and restoring urban and peri-urban wetlands is therefore core infrastructure policy, reinforcing SDG 15 while directly advancing SDGs 11.5 and 13.1.

Sponge city approaches are not a panacea. Their effectiveness can be constrained by governance capacity, implementation scale and maintenance requirements, land availability and high-density development. They must therefore be complemented by robust end-to-end early warning systems and coordinated disaster risk management frameworks.

To this end, ESCAP supports countries across the region by providing regional and national risk analytics through its Risk and Resilience Portal, enabling policymakers to integrate climate and disaster information directly into development planning.

These analyses and tools are tailored to regional and country needs, such as ClimaCoast, which focuses on coastal multi-hazard and socio-economic exposures. These initiatives are complemented by targeted financing from the Trust Fund for Tsunami, Disaster and Climate Preparedness, through programmes that strengthen coastal resilience in Asia and the Pacific. Together, these initiatives aim to reverse the current regression in resilience related SDG targets and help safeguard sustainable development in the region’s high risk hotspots.

Asia and the Pacific region can no longer rely on drainage systems built for a different climate and century. By adopting sponge city principles, Asia Pacific cities can embed resilience into everyday urban life—a development imperative, not just a technical shift.

Strengthening urban resilience is essential to advancing SDG 11 and SDG 13 and protecting hard won development gains that too often wash away when floods strike.

Temily Baker is Programme Management Officer, ESCAP; Leila Salarpour Goodarzi is Associate Economic Affairs Officer, ESCAP and Elisa Belaz is Consultant, ESCAP

IPS UN Bureau

 

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Bonn, 13. April 2026. Die deutsche Entwicklungszusammenarbeit muss schnell handeln, um der Düngemittelkrise zu begegnen. Prioritäten: multilaterale Koordination und Bodengesundheit.

Die drohende Düngemittelkrise ist ein Stresstest für die deutsche Entwicklungszusammenarbeit. Diese muss nun beweisen, dass der BMZ Reformplan mehr als nur Papier ist. Die Werkzeuge dafür liegen bereit. Die Krise erfordert kurzfristige Maßnahmen und bietet Gelegenheit für einen überfälligen Paradigmenwechsel: weg von der Abhängigkeit von volatilen Düngemittelmärkten hin zu resilienten, lokal verankerten Strategien.

Drohende Düngemittelkrise und ihre Folgen

Der Welt droht erneut eine Düngemittelkrise. Seit die US-amerikanischen und israelischen Luftschläge gegen den Iran zu der Schließung der Straße von Hormus geführt haben, stockt der Handel. Rund ein Drittel des weltweit verschifften Stickstoffdüngers passierte die Meerenge bislang. Nun stiegen die Preise um bis zu 50 Prozent. Für Millionen von Kleinbäuer*innen im Globalen Süden wird ihre Ernährungssicherung gefährdet. Das Welternährungsprogramm warnt, dass der Krieg 45 Millionen weitere Menschen in akute Ernährungsunsicherheit treiben könnte – und auch in Deutschland sind Preisanstiege für Lebensmittel zu erwarten.

In vorherigen Düngemittelkrisen haben steigende Lebensmittelpreise die Inflation stark erhöht. Dies hat nicht nur die Ernährungssicherheit negativ beeinflusst, sondern auch zu Aufständen und einer weiteren Stärkung populistischer Bewegungen geführt. Düngemittelkrisen werden zudem zunehmend im geoökonomischen Wettbewerb politisiert. Zuletzt nutzte Russland Düngemittel-Knappheiten gezielt, um Abhängigkeiten zu vertiefen und politischen Einfluss zu gewinnen. Wer in der Düngemittelkrise Partnerschaften schwächt, verliert an Glaubwürdigkeit und überlässt anderen das Feld.

Die Werkzeuge liegen bereit

Deutschland ist mit 3,5 Milliarden Euro (2023) an Investitionen in ländliche Entwicklung und Ernährungssicherheit der größte bilaterale Geber –  eine Verantwortung, die jetzt zählt.

Spätestens seit der G7-Präsidentschaft 2022 hat sich Deutschland als multilateraler Akteur bei Ernährungskrisen etabliert – von der Global Alliance for Food Security (GAFS) bis zur Unterstützung des Africa Fertilizer and Soil Health Aktionsplans.

Auch in der Umsetzung leistet die deutsche EZ wichtige Beiträge zur Bodengesundheit. Langfristige Initiativen, wie das GIZ-Vorhaben „Soil Protection and Rehabilitation for Food Security“ (ProSoil) haben länderübergreifend rund eine Million Hektar Agrarland rehabilitiert und Ertragssteigerungen von 44 Prozent bei Kleinbäuer*innen erreicht.

Vier Hebel für die nächsten Monate

Basierend auf dem Vertrauen auf multilateraler Ebene und dem starken Portfolio in der Umsetzung kann Deutschland jetzt vier Hebel nutzen.

G7-Koordination verstärken: Die G7-Staaten repräsentieren 73 Prozent aller Geberinvestitionen in Agrar- und Ernährungssysteme. Deutschland sollte koordinierte Maßnahmen vorantreiben und die Reaktivierung der G7 Expert Fertilizer Group vorschlagen.  Die Expertengruppe war bereits nach Russlands Angriff 2022 wichtig, um Soforthilfen und mittelfristige Strategien zur Diversifizierung von Lieferketten abzustimmen.

Sondermittel prüfen; Soforthilfe mit nachhaltigen Maßnahmen verbinden: Bereits in der durch Russland ausgelösten Krise 2022, stellte Deutschland 880 Millionen Euro Sondermittel bereit und mobilisierte damit über die G7 weitere 4,5 Milliarden US-Dollar. Entscheidend ist jetzt die Ausgestaltung eines vergleichbaren Mechanismus, der Mittel direkt bei Kleinbäuer*innen ankommen lässt und an laufende Projekte nachhaltig andockt; statt als Krisengewinne bei der Düngemittelindustrie versandet.

Lokale Düngepotenziale erschließen und Nährstoffnutzungseffizienz steigern: Die Abhängigkeit von importiertem Dünger ist ein strukturelles Problem vieler Länder. Agrarökologische Ansätze wie Kompostierung, integriertes Bodenfruchtbarkeitsmanagement und zugekaufte biologische Inputs sind nicht nur ökologisch sinnvoll, sondern auch wirtschaftlich tragfähig, da sie die Nährstoffnutzungseffizienz konventioneller Düngemittel erhöhen. Das senkt den Bedarf an importierten Düngern. Deutschland sollte diese Ansätze skalieren und weitere Geber einbinden.

Repurposing-Agenda vorantreiben: Die Umwidmung umweltschädlicher Agrarsubventionen kann Abhängigkeiten langfristig abbauen. Deutschland kennt das Problem aus eigener Erfahrung: Allein die Stickstoffüberschüsse der deutschen Landwirtschaft verursachen jährlich Umweltschäden von 4,8 Milliarden Euro. Fossile Subventionen sollten in nachhaltige Bodenpraktiken und den Aufbau dezentraler Düngemittelproduktion umgeleitet werden.

Der BMZ-Reformplan als Chance?

Der BMZ-Reformplan bietet den strategischen Rahmen für eine Antwort auf die Krise. Er verstetigt die Sonderinitiative Transformation der Agrar- und Ernährungssysteme und betont, dass Ernährungssicherung auf Afrika fokussiert werden muss, dort, wo die Düngemittelkrise am härtesten zuschlagen wird.

Allerdings hat der Plan eine offene Flanke: eine zu enge Fokussierung der Privatwirtschaft. Das hat zwar seine Berechtigung, aber Erfahrungen aus dem deutschen Portfolio für Bodengesundheit zeigen, dass Lösungen oft lokal und wissensintensiv sind, aber nicht zwingend profitabel für (ausländische) Investoren.

Die Reaktion auf die Krise sollte deshalb entwicklungspolitische Prinzipien als Richtschnur weiter hochhalten und niemanden zurücklassen. Es geht um eine nachhaltige Transformation von Abhängigkeiten.

• Dr. Gideon Tups ist Wirtschaftsgeograph am Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung (ZEF) der Universität Bonn. Er forscht zu Agrar- und Ernährungssystemen, globalen Lieferketten, Düngemitteln und Bioökonomie.
• Katharina Molitor ist Humangeographin am IDOS und forscht zum Thema Nahrungsmittelpreisschwankungen und Märkten, Ernährungssicherung und kleinbäuerliche Landwirtschaft.

Le Kosovo ne sait plus à quel saint se vouer, entre les incohérences de Donald Trump et les divisions de l'Union européenne, Alors que le petit pays n'arrive pas à élire son ou sa présidente, Vjosa Osmani joue-t-elle la carte de Washington et Albin Kurti celle de Bruxelles ? Analyse.

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A rising cycle of poverty and extreme weather threatens many towns and cities, especially those situated on coastlines, in the Pacific Islands. Urban centres in the Pacific have grown at an unprecedented rate this century, rapidly straining national resources for urban planning. But governments are now making progress on improving people’s lives in the informal […]

Péter Magyar, der wohl stärkste Herausforderer Orbáns in dessen ununterbrochener 16-jähriger Amtszeit, hat einen entscheidenden Vorteil: Er stammt aus dem System und den Machtkreisen selbst.

L'action est toujours plus forte que la peur. Alors qu'une nouvelle flotille pour Gaza va reprendre la mer, la navigatrice et avocate croate Morana Miljanović explique les raisons de son engagement et dénonce la complaisance de Zagreb envers Israël. Entretien.

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L'action est toujours plus forte que la peur. Alors qu'une nouvelle flotille pour Gaza va reprendre la mer, la navigatrice et avocate croate Morana Miljanović explique les raisons de son engagement et dénonce la complaisance de Zagreb envers Israël. Entretien.

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„Die einfache Frage lautet: Sehen wir eine grundsätzliche Willensbekundung seitens der Iraner, keine Atomwaffe zu entwickeln – nicht nur jetzt, nicht nur in zwei Jahren, sondern langfristig?“, erklärte der US-Vizepräsident.

A BBC Disclosure investigation has uncovered significant questions about what happened at the hotel where Charmain died.

Ismail Omar Guelleh, 78, has extended his already 27-year rule in a poll boycotted by the main opposition candidates.