Die drei Golfmonarchien Saudi-Arabien, Katar und Vereinigte Arabische Emirate verfügen über fünf der aktivsten und größten Staatsfonds weltweit: den saudischen Public Investment Fund (PIF), die Qatar Investment Authority (QIA) sowie die drei emiratischen Fonds Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA), Mubadala und ADQ. Diese Fonds erfüllen nicht nur die Funktion, Öleinnahmen in Investitionskapital umzuwandeln und so den Übergang von rentenbasierten Ökonomien zu diversifizierten Wirtschaftsstrukturen zu ermöglichen. Vielmehr tragen sie auch dazu bei, die außenpolitische Handlungsfähigkeit ihrer Staaten zu erweitern. Institutionelle und personelle Verflechtungen ermöglichen es den Regierungen der drei Länder, die Fonds strategisch einzusetzen und so die eigene Hard, Soft und Sharp Power deutlich auszubauen – etwa durch Investitionen im In- und Ausland auf Feldern wie Rüstung, Medien, Sport und neue Technologien sowie durch Kooperationen mit politisch einflussreichen Akteuren. Gleichzeitig bemühen sich die Golfmonarchien, ihre Staatsfonds als unpolitisch und rein renditeorientiert darzustellen. Dabei helfen die Gründung von Tochterunternehmen oder die Zusammenarbeit mit Private-Equity-Gesellschaften. Deutschland und seine europäischen Partner haben ein nachvollziehbares Interesse daran, die Staatsfonds als Investoren zu gewinnen; sie dürfen jedoch die damit verbundenen Risiken nicht vernachlässigen. Dazu gehören der mögliche Zugriff Dritter auf kritische Infrastrukturen, der drohende Abfluss sensibler Militär- und Sicherheitstechnologie sowie die Gefahr einer politischen Einflussnahme der Golfmonarchien. Darüber hinaus müssen sich Deutschland und die EU grundsätzlicher damit auseinandersetzen, dass die außenpolitischen Handlungsmöglichkeiten der drei Golfmonarchien durch ihre Staatsfonds gewachsen sind. Denn das Verhalten Saudi-Arabiens, der Emirate und Katars auf regionaler wie internationaler Ebene widerspricht teilweise deutschen und europäischen Interessen.
TNR constitutes an increasing danger both by posing systemic threats to human rights, civic space, democratic institutions and the rule of law and by frequently undermining national security, sovereignty and legal order of host states.
Policy makers and experts from EU institutions, the UN, Member States, civil society and academia will come together to exchange views about their findings and experiences, and explore ways to improve responses to TNR, including through policy initiatives, synergies and collaborations. This is a concrete follow-up action by DROI on the recently adopted by the Parliament report on Addressing TNR of Human Rights Defenders (HRDs).
Progress on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is increasingly hampered by insufficient funding. This Policy Brief, drawing on insights from a roundtable held in the context of the Hamburg Sustainability Conference (HSC) with experts from the Americas, Africa, Europe, and Asia, examines how sustainable development financing can be safeguarded in an era of economic disruptions, global conflicts, and political shifts. It situates these recommendations within the context of the outcomes of the fourth Financing for Development (FfD4) Conference, with a view to informing the follow-up process.
An estimated USD 4.2 trillion are needed for the implementation of SDG policies. Notwithstanding this, economic insecurity, slow growth, and waning political commitment reduce private and public investments in sustainability. Rising conflicts lead to a redistribution of budgets towards military expenditures and away from environmental and social objectives. This includes reductions in Official Development Aid, further limiting funding for sustainability transformations in low- and middle-income countries.
In order to sustain and increase financing for SDG implementation, taking the challenging framework conditions into account, a series of actions is needed:
– Alignment of public spending with the SDGs and planetary boundaries by phasing out harmful subsidies and integrating sustainability into credit ratings and investment strategies.
– Strengthening domestic revenue mobilisation through improved and efficient tax systems, tax transparency, and reduction of harmful tax expenditures.
– Building institutional capacity in transitioning sectors, including sustainable finance, digitalised tax systems, and data provision for and engagement with credit-rating agencies.
– Translating FfD4 outcomes into concrete actions in platforms like the G20, the International Monetary Fund (IMF)/World Bank meetings, and the HSC, aligning them with social and environmental priorities. But also filling the gaps on issues neglected in FfD4 by supporting future multilateral agreements and voluntary initiatives on tax, SDRs, cost of capital, and debt restructuring.
Progress on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is increasingly hampered by insufficient funding. This Policy Brief, drawing on insights from a roundtable held in the context of the Hamburg Sustainability Conference (HSC) with experts from the Americas, Africa, Europe, and Asia, examines how sustainable development financing can be safeguarded in an era of economic disruptions, global conflicts, and political shifts. It situates these recommendations within the context of the outcomes of the fourth Financing for Development (FfD4) Conference, with a view to informing the follow-up process.
An estimated USD 4.2 trillion are needed for the implementation of SDG policies. Notwithstanding this, economic insecurity, slow growth, and waning political commitment reduce private and public investments in sustainability. Rising conflicts lead to a redistribution of budgets towards military expenditures and away from environmental and social objectives. This includes reductions in Official Development Aid, further limiting funding for sustainability transformations in low- and middle-income countries.
In order to sustain and increase financing for SDG implementation, taking the challenging framework conditions into account, a series of actions is needed:
– Alignment of public spending with the SDGs and planetary boundaries by phasing out harmful subsidies and integrating sustainability into credit ratings and investment strategies.
– Strengthening domestic revenue mobilisation through improved and efficient tax systems, tax transparency, and reduction of harmful tax expenditures.
– Building institutional capacity in transitioning sectors, including sustainable finance, digitalised tax systems, and data provision for and engagement with credit-rating agencies.
– Translating FfD4 outcomes into concrete actions in platforms like the G20, the International Monetary Fund (IMF)/World Bank meetings, and the HSC, aligning them with social and environmental priorities. But also filling the gaps on issues neglected in FfD4 by supporting future multilateral agreements and voluntary initiatives on tax, SDRs, cost of capital, and debt restructuring.
Progress on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is increasingly hampered by insufficient funding. This Policy Brief, drawing on insights from a roundtable held in the context of the Hamburg Sustainability Conference (HSC) with experts from the Americas, Africa, Europe, and Asia, examines how sustainable development financing can be safeguarded in an era of economic disruptions, global conflicts, and political shifts. It situates these recommendations within the context of the outcomes of the fourth Financing for Development (FfD4) Conference, with a view to informing the follow-up process.
An estimated USD 4.2 trillion are needed for the implementation of SDG policies. Notwithstanding this, economic insecurity, slow growth, and waning political commitment reduce private and public investments in sustainability. Rising conflicts lead to a redistribution of budgets towards military expenditures and away from environmental and social objectives. This includes reductions in Official Development Aid, further limiting funding for sustainability transformations in low- and middle-income countries.
In order to sustain and increase financing for SDG implementation, taking the challenging framework conditions into account, a series of actions is needed:
– Alignment of public spending with the SDGs and planetary boundaries by phasing out harmful subsidies and integrating sustainability into credit ratings and investment strategies.
– Strengthening domestic revenue mobilisation through improved and efficient tax systems, tax transparency, and reduction of harmful tax expenditures.
– Building institutional capacity in transitioning sectors, including sustainable finance, digitalised tax systems, and data provision for and engagement with credit-rating agencies.
– Translating FfD4 outcomes into concrete actions in platforms like the G20, the International Monetary Fund (IMF)/World Bank meetings, and the HSC, aligning them with social and environmental priorities. But also filling the gaps on issues neglected in FfD4 by supporting future multilateral agreements and voluntary initiatives on tax, SDRs, cost of capital, and debt restructuring.