The 1.23 billion people working in agrifood systems belong to households made up of an estimated 3.83 billion people. Credit: Kristin Palitza/IPS
By Paul Virgo
ROME, Apr 17 2023 (IPS)
New research by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has revealed that almost half the world’s population of around eight billion people belong to households whose livelihoods depend to some degree on agrifood systems (AFS).
The findings are important as farming and the food system as a whole is central to the multiple challenges humankind faces to feed a global population forecast to rise to 10 billion by 2050, while meeting the Sustainable Development Goals to end poverty, hunger and malnutrition, combat the climate crisis and preserve natural resources for future generations.
So the research offers precious information for decision makers, and FAO is aiming for it to be the start of an ongoing statistical data series.
Agrifood-system transformation offers the promise of new jobs in both agriculture and the off-farm segments of agrifood systems, particularly in low income countries with large, young populations. Deliberate policies, however, are needed to ensure the quantity and quality of these jobs
The report said that around 1.23 billion people worked in agrifood systems in 2019, including 857 million in primary agricultural production (agriculture, livestock, forestry, fishing, aquaculture, hunting) and 375 million in the off-farm segments of agrifood systems.
The 1.23 billion people working in agrifood systems belong to households made up of an estimated 3.83 billion people.
FAO says there is evidence of a high degree of exploitation of labour in agrifood systems, including harmful conditions, precarious job security, low wages, disproportionate burdens on women, and coercive use of child labour.
So statistics on the number of people employed in AFS can be useful to monitor for violations of human rights and to develop and target policies to regulate working conditions in the sector.
Agrifood systems also present opportunities though, as they can offer many new jobs, a factor that is especially important in lower-income countries with lots of young who need employment.
So the data can help to shape policies to develop these opportunities.
For example, better understanding of the existing workforce could reveal entry points for programmes to increase skills and entrepreneurship.
“Identifying and quantifying the number of agrifood-system workers is essential for several reasons, particularly for low- and middle-income countries of the Global South,” Ben Davis, the Director of FAO’s Inclusive Rural Transformation and Gender Equality Division, told IPS.
“In low-income countries, the largest number of workers are employed in agrifood systems, and agrifood systems are a key economic motor of growth and poverty reduction,” added Davis, the lead author of the study, which is entitled Estimating Global and Country Level Employment in Agrifood Systems.
“Agrifood-system transformation offers the promise of new jobs in both agriculture and the off-farm segments of agrifood systems, particularly in low income countries with large, young populations.
“Deliberate policies, however, are needed to ensure the quantity and quality of these jobs.
“Statistics on the number of people employed in agrifood systems would also help regulate working conditions and develop and target appropriate policies and programmes to support livelihoods”.
The three challenges facing agrifood systems – feeding a growing population, providing a livelihood for farmers, and protecting the environment – must be tackled together because, given the many interconnections, taking a single-issue perspective on any objective can lead to unintended impacts on others. Market in Rome. Credit: Paul Virgo / IPS
The new report said that the continent with the largest number of people employed in agrifood systems is Asia with 793 million, followed by Africa with almost 290 million
It said the majority of the economically active population in low-income countries, particularly in Africa, had at least one job or activity in agrifood systems.
It said that 62% employment in Africa is in AFS, when relevant trade and transportation activities are included, compared to 40% in Asia and 23% in the Americas.
The study said that, of the 3.83 billion people belonging to households reliant on agrifood systems for their livelihoods, 2.36 billion live in Asia and 940 million are in Africa.
The study is the first to give a systematic, documented global estimate of the number of people involved in AFS.
It said the number of people engaged in the sector has been undercounted in the past due to three factors.
The first is that many people, especially those living in poverty, work several jobs and lots are involved in AFS, even if this is not their primary activity.
The second is that many AFS jobs are seasonal or intermittent and so easily missed by surveys.
Finally, many people are engaged in household farming for their own consumption on top of their primary occupation.
The report gives the example of a full-time schoolteacher who grows produce for sale on their land.
Agrifood systems produce some 11 billion tonnes of food worldwide each year, the FAO says.
But they also have a big environmental footprint.
The IPCC’s recent Synthesis Report, which completed its Sixth Assessment cycle, said that 22% of global greenhouse gas emissions currently stem from agriculture, forestry, and land use.
Without radical change, the world is set for a future of persistent food insecurity and the destruction and degradation of natural resources.
Building sustainable, resilient agrifood systems, on the other hand, can help tackle the climate crisis, biodiversity loss and food insecurity.
FAO has presented a Strategy on Climate Change, which argues that a holistic approach is needed.
It says the three challenges facing agrifood systems – feeding a growing population, providing a livelihood for farmers, and protecting the environment – must be tackled together because, given the many interconnections, taking a single-issue perspective on any objective can lead to unintended impacts on others.
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Le Président de la Fédération internationale de pétanque et de jeu provinçal, Claude Azema, était en séance de travail ce dimanche 16 Avril 2023 avec la fédération béninoise. Ceci, dans le cadre de la 50e édition du Championnat du Monde de Pétanque qui se déroulera du 08 au 17 Septembre 2023 au Bénin.
Séance de travail qui a nécessité un point de presse du patron de la pétanque mondiale dans la matinée de ce dimanche. Face aux hommes des médias, Claude Azema s'est d'abord prononcé sur le problème de la construction du boulodrome d'Avlékété qui devait abriter la compétition.
« Le problème du boulodrome. On avait lancé l'opération avec l'honorable Ibrahima Idrissou depuis 4 ans. Les problèmes ont traîné. Le dossier, il est arrivé en retard. On a donc eu la possibilité de reporter le championnat. Mais finalement, boulodrome ou pas, le championnat du monde aura lieu à la date prévue », regrette le numéro un de la pétanque.
A quelques mois du coup d'envoi de la 50e édition du championnat du monde de pétanque, Azema n'affiche aucune inquiétude concernant l'organisation de la compétition par le Bénin : « Je ne suis pas inquiet, on dit chez nous, "Le Diable est dans les détails". J'ai déjà discuté avec le Président au téléphone sur certains détails. On est déjà avancé. Mais ce qu'on veut, c'est rapporter aux gens des détails par exemple où est le site du congrès, comment se passe la restauration (...). C'est d'avoir de la certitude quand les autres fédérations vont nous poser des questions », a-t-il déclaré.
Accompagné de Carelle, le gestionnaire de l'informatique et de tout ce qui est compétition au sein de la Fédération internationale, Claude Azema n'a pas échappé à une question capitale des journalistes. Celle de comprendre pourquoi avoir cru en le Bénin pour l'organisation d'une telle compétition.
« Il y a plusieurs choses. La première, c'est les contacts que j'aie eus avec les autorités administratives, politiques et sportives du pays qui sont vraiment engagées et qui ont l'envie de réussir cette compétition. Avec l'appui de la Confédération africaine et de la fédération béninoise, je pense qu'il n'y a aucun doute pour réussir ; j'ai vu de grandes compétitions déjà organisées au Bénin. Le premier championnat africain avait eu lieu ici. J'ai beaucoup de confiance en la fédération béninoise pour réussir cette compétition. On sent le gouvernement qui s'engage à la réussite de la compétition, ce qui est contraire par rapport à d'autres pays », a avoué Claude Azema.
A cette occasion, le président de la Confédération Africaine des Sports Boules (CASB), l'Honorable Idrissou Ibrahima, remerciant le chef de l'Etat et son gouvernement pour leur implication à réussir la compétition, a profité pour annoncer officiellement avec assurance la date du déroulement du Championnat du monde de Pétanque. « ça va se dérouler au niveau de la place des Amazone du 08 au 17 Septembre 2023 », a-t-il précisé.
Suite à ce point de presse, Claude Azema et Carelle ont visité le lieu choisi par le gouvernement pour accueillir cette 50e édition du championnat.
J.S
We examine the effect of corruption control on the volatility of economic growth using cross-country data that cover 131 economies worldwide for the period 1985–2018. To estimate the growth volatility model, we employ the system generalized method-of-moments estimator for dynamic panel data, which addresses potential endogeneity concerns using internal instruments. Our results show that corruption control significantly reduces growth volatility. This effect is robust to controlling for other measures of institutional quality. Moreover, we find some evidence for an indirect impact of corruption control on growth volatility through its role in reinforcing the volatility-dampening effect of financial development
We examine the effect of corruption control on the volatility of economic growth using cross-country data that cover 131 economies worldwide for the period 1985–2018. To estimate the growth volatility model, we employ the system generalized method-of-moments estimator for dynamic panel data, which addresses potential endogeneity concerns using internal instruments. Our results show that corruption control significantly reduces growth volatility. This effect is robust to controlling for other measures of institutional quality. Moreover, we find some evidence for an indirect impact of corruption control on growth volatility through its role in reinforcing the volatility-dampening effect of financial development
We examine the effect of corruption control on the volatility of economic growth using cross-country data that cover 131 economies worldwide for the period 1985–2018. To estimate the growth volatility model, we employ the system generalized method-of-moments estimator for dynamic panel data, which addresses potential endogeneity concerns using internal instruments. Our results show that corruption control significantly reduces growth volatility. This effect is robust to controlling for other measures of institutional quality. Moreover, we find some evidence for an indirect impact of corruption control on growth volatility through its role in reinforcing the volatility-dampening effect of financial development