Africa

Dozens - perhaps hundreds - of West African troops who fought for France in World War Two were killed.

Growing up in poverty, Kenya's Emmanuel Wanyonyi herded cattle as a boy and endured the sudden death of his father before finding purpose in athletics.

The Central African nation cites "sovereignty" as it ends a years-long deal with its former colonial ruler.

The Central African nation cites "sovereignty" as it ends a years-long deal with its former colonial ruler.

Growing up in poverty, Kenya's Emmanuel Wanyonyi herded cattle as a boy and endured the sudden death of his father before finding purpose in athletics.

Growing up in poverty, Kenya's Emmanuel Wanyonyi herded cattle as a boy and endured the sudden death of his father before finding purpose in athletics.

Zimbabwe's parliament was plunged into darkness after the finance minister's budget speech.

A selection of the week's best photos from across the African continent and beyond.

A selection of the week's best photos from across the African continent and beyond.

A selection of the week's best photos from across the African continent and beyond.

Owas Mwape posted on Facebook about his son's drug addiction - and then met up with him for a BBC interview.

Owas Mwape posted on Facebook about his son's drug addiction - and then met up with him for a BBC interview.

Owas Mwape posted on Facebook about his son's drug addiction - and then met up with him for a BBC interview.

A mother carries her baby in Port Sudan, on the Sudanese coast. Escalating violence and new atrocities in Sudan have pushed the humanitarian crisis to unprecedented levels, with displacement now exceeding 11 million people amid reports of mass killings and systematic-sexual violence across multiple regions, UN officials said October 2024. Credit: WFP/Abubakar Garelnabei

By Madiha Abdalla
KHARTOUM, Sudan , Nov 29 2024 (IPS)

On 15 April 2023, the outbreak of war between the Sudanese army and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) drastically altered the face of Sudanese society. The fighting left thousands of dead, wounded, displaced people and refugees.

People went hungry, civil rights were violated in the most horrible ways, and discrimination was practiced on the basis of gender, race and tribe. Across the country, infrastructure was destroyed in cities and villages – not even hospitals and schools were spared – and the capital Khartoum became a shattered city unfit for life.

According to UN estimates, some 10.9 million people are now internally displaced within Sudan. Another 2.2 million people have fled to other countries since the conflict began. Food insecurity is rife, and the warring parties regularly attack and kill civilians.

Despite this horrific panorama, international attention to the conflict has waned and humanitarian support has been stymied – earlier this month, Russia vetoed a UN Security Council resolution that called for a ceasefire and crucial humanitarian aid.

Few have suffered more during this war than women human rights defenders (WHRDs).

Madiha Abdalla

As a longstanding WHRD and journalist, since the outbreak of the war, I was exposed to the risks of losing the right to life, as bullets and shells continued to fall on my residential area in a suburb of Khartoum, located near a military area that witnessed violent confrontations between the parties to the war since its beginning.

Initially, my family and I were displaced to a relatively safe area in central Sudan and along with fellow human rights defenders, I worked as a volunteer in shelter centres, contributing to providing services to the displaced and raising awareness of civil rights.

After the RSF invaded the area, we were displaced again, and I traveled to Uganda after the security risks increased when the war expanded. Since February 2024, I continue my journalistic and civilian work with human rights groups and journalists to stop the war and protect civilians.

WHRDs in Sudan face numerous risks as a result of this ongoing and expanded conflict. They are targeted with armed threats, liquidation, and arrest; security agencies threaten to prosecute WHRDs who work in emergency rooms that provide services and support to the displaced. These threats sometimes extend to family members, too.

Security agencies stalk and pursue WHRDs, personally targeting them and their kin. This is especially true for those who work in the legal field and monitor violations; they are regularly forced to flee and seek refuge in other regions and countries, resulting in the closure of legal offices and the loss of the right to work.

Sudanese WHRDs risk being accused of spying for one side of the war against the other, leading to armed men confiscating their phones as well as increased insecurity in using social media and exposure to the risk of being hacked.

Many WHRDs are forced to leave their homes with sick family members in harsh conditions without money or means of protection, and even though they hate to leave their homeland, they are forced to seek refuge in other countries.

Many of those forced to flee their homes due to the fighting do so on foot, with no belongings; they become displaced to other areas or live with relatives, always running the risk of violence and looting by armed men on their displacement routes.

Their freedom of movement is restricted, with threats of death and rape by armed men and the looting of phones, forcing them to remain silent and not reveal their violations out of fear. As a result, they often lose contact with relatives and other groups of WHRDs for long periods of time.

The ever-widening circle of fighting has led to many WHRDs being subjected to repeated displacement experiences, which leads to the evacuation of huge displacement complexes that include thousands of people, including these women defenders and their families.

On their way there, they are exposed to the dangers of bullets and shells and the injury of children and patients, bringing with it a constant feeling of terror, often sparked by hearing ordinary sounds.

In addition to the risk of being looted and attacked, by being repeatedly forced to leave their homes and shelters behind, women human rights defenders ran the risk of being separated from their families and losing job opportunities.

These harsh conditions have negatively affected women human rights defenders economically, socially and psychologically, and have affected human rights work in monitoring violations and defending and protecting human rights in the midst of a deadly war.

The international community should show solidarity with the people of Sudan – in particular our women human rights defenders – and support our efforts to stop the war and build peace in Sudan.

Madiha Abdalla is a Sudanese woman human rights defender and journalist. She recently visited Ireland to speak about her experiences as part of Front Line Defenders’ Dublin Platform, aimed at giving a voice to human rights defenders at risk from around the world.

IPS UN Bureau

 

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Credit: UN Foundation

By Thalif Deen
UNITED NATIONS, Nov 29 2024 (IPS)

John Bolton a former US ambassador to the United Nations (2005-2006) once infamously declared that if the 39-storeyed UN Secretariat building in New York “lost 10 stories, it wouldn’t make a bit of difference.”

That statement triggered a sarcastic response from a New York Times columnist who said Bolton would have done better as an urban planner than a US diplomat –while another newspaper described him as “a human wrecking ball”

Similarly, one of his successors Niki Haley told a Republican National Convention that the “UN was a place where dictators, murderers and thieves denounce America, and demand that we pay their bills.”

And now comes President-elect Donald Trump’s nominee — House Republican Conference Chair Elise Stefanik of New York—who has condemned the United Nations as “corrupt and antisemitic” — to be his next ambassador to the world body.

She has threatened to cut funding for the UN, including a UN agency providing humanitarian aid to Palestinians, and denounced the Geneva-based Human Rights Council.

So, what else is new?

According to a November 11 report in Politico, a Washington-based digital newspaper, Trump is elevating a fierce critic of the U.N. as his emissary to the world body — the latest sign that he plans to make good on pledges to strongly support Israel on the world stage and play hardball with international organizations and alliances.

In a 25 September article in the Washington Examiner titled “If the United Nations continues its antisemitism, the US must withdraw support”, Stefanik said the U.N. “has proven again and again that it is a cesspool of antisemitism that has completely turned against Israel in its darkest hour.”

But her hard-hitting comments have triggered equally strong condemnations.

Kul Gautam, a former UN assistant Secretary-General, told IPS Trump’s proposed new appointment is “a frightening prospect for the UN”.

“Stefanik seems to represent the antithesis of the UN ideals, multilateralism, and respect for international laws — all in the interest of blanket US support for Israel,” he said.

Indeed, all of Trump’s national security nominees seem to fit what Jan Egeland of the Norwegian Refugee Council characterizes as: Israel-First, America-Second, Humanity-Last ethos, said Gautam, a former Deputy Executive Director of UNICEF.

According to the US Congressional Research Service (CRS), the approved regular budget for U.N. is $3.6 billion for FY 2024. The General Assembly determines a regular budget scale of assessments every three years based on a country’s capacity to pay. The Assembly will likely adopt new assessment rates for the 2025-2027 period in December 2024.

The United States is currently assessed 22%, the highest of any U.N. member, followed by China (15.25%) and Japan (8.03%).

But this may change under the Trump administration.

As Stefanik warned: “We must strive for a U.N. in which no one nation is expected to foot the bill but receive no accountability or transparency in return, in which no despot or dictator can sit in judgment of others while deflecting attention away from their own human rights abuses, and in which no organization corrupted by the likes of the Chinese Communist Party can dictate sweeping conventions and international standards across its membership”.

Ian Williams, President of the New York-based Foreign Press Association told IPS the vultures are fluttering home to roost.

“When Elise Stefanik launches off at the UN, interpreters should program their ChatGB with the translation “yada yada yada” for her message.”

Delegates and media should deride, rebut or mock her. There is no upside to pandering to her nor even to trying to reason with here, said Williams.

During the Balkan Wars, he pointed out, many young State Department professionals struck the board and cried “no more!” at the shameless double standards. The current generation appears either to be opportunistically complaisant in the face of Netanyahu’s genocide, or worse, true believers.

“Observers often wonder whether the UN could survive without the United States. Time to reverse the query- how can the UN survive in any meaningful way with the US as a malignant metastasizing tumor at its core” said Williams, a former President of the UN Correspondents’ Association (UNCA).

In his last days, Obama let through a conscience-easing resolution against Israel resolution: there is little or no chance of a significant gesture from the Biden administration in its dying days.

In contrast, Biden and Harris forfeited their chances of power with their shameless abasement to indicted war criminal Netanyahu- who had spent his term as Israeli PM campaigning against their re-election.

“We have been here before. John Bolton’s initiative to punish member states that failed to explicitly pre-amnesty American troops brought the US into more disrepute than the UN and not just its “moral” standing. It was simply shrugged off and forgotten by most members. This time, the organization’s members would get their retaliation in first. It is pointless to try creative engagement with bigots”, declared Williams.

Norman Solomon, executive director, Institute for Public Accuracy and national director, RootsAction.org, told IPS for many decades, the U.S. government has viewed the United Nations as either a legitimizing rubber stamp or a recalcitrant dissenter to be ignored and belittled.

During the leadup to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, for instance, the George W. Bush administration sought UN approval and never got it. But when the Security Council approved aggressive military actions led by the United States, as with the 1991 Gulf War, officials in Washington were glad to trumpet the UN’s importance, he pointed out.

“Stefanik is a jingoistic politician who gladly asserts the U.S. prerogative to run as much of the world as possible. To the extent that the Trump administration sees the United Nations as useful in that pursuit, her stint at the UN will go smoothly.”

And to the extent that many of the countries, with the other 95 percent of the planet’s population seem to be getting in the way, “we can expect chauvinistic bombast from Stefanik, and Trump, reviling such countries and the UN as retrograde impediments to the glorious supreme virtues and power of the United States of America”, said Solomon.

Mandeep S. Tiwana, Interim Co-Secretary General, CIVICUS, told IPS the United States played a key role in the establishment of the UN in 1945.

“By choosing someone who clearly despises the UN and what it stands for as a candidate for Ambassador, Donald Trump and his advisors are repudiating the legacy of Late President Franklin Roosevelt and First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt who put in significant efforts to help set up the UN as a world body committed to international law and determined to save future generations from the scourge of war,” he said.

Disdain for human rights and the rules based international order brought untold suffering to humanity in the 20th century through two world wars. It would be extremely unwise for the incoming presidential administration in the United States to ignore these lessons from history,” declared Tiwana.

Solomon argued what was sometimes a more subtle attitude of a leader, such as president Joe Biden, providing king-of-the-world messages tinged with condescension and noblesse oblige, will be transformed into a harsher and more vicious approach beginning next year.

Stefanik as a personality will be largely beside the point. The underlying imperial approach to the world will be a no-holds-barred assault in rhetorical, economic and – when seen as needed – military terms, he said

“For domestic consumption, the message from the Trump presidency will be the equivalent of no-more-mister-nice-guy, asserting that it’s time to insist on fairness to Uncle Sam at last.”

Posturing as the victim will, perhaps more than ever, be the effect of the U.S. government in foreign policy, at once claiming to be a victim while the United States renews efforts to dominate as much of the world as possible, said Solomon, author of “War Made Invisible: How America Hides the Human Toll of Its Military Machine”

Meanwhile, Stefanik was also critical of “the absurdly misnamed “Human Rights Council,” composed of some of the world’s worst human rights abusers, which has a standing antisemitic agenda item related to Israel and adopted a resolution stating that Israel should be held responsible for war crimes, all while failing to condemn the atrocities committed by Hamas”.

“The world is looking to the U.S. for moral leadership. As Russia, China, North Korea, and Iran and its terrorist proxies such as Hamas create a dangerous axis of evil that threatens the shared global commitment to peace, prosperity, and freedom, the U.S. must boldly defend our principles at every opportunity”, she declared.

As the largest financial contributor to the U.N., the U.S. must present the U.N. with a choice: reform this broken system and return it to the beacon of peace and freedom the world needs it to be, or continue down this antisemitic path without the support of American taxpayers, she noted.

IPS UN Bureau Report

 

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With his two-goal performance against Nice, has Hamza Igamane pushed himself to the front of the queue to start up front for Rangers?

Zimbabwe has faced daily 12-hour power cuts due to a drought affecting power supply at the Kariba Dam.

Prince Johnson oversaw the torture and killing of the then-president but was later elected to the senate.

To effectively eliminate rabies in the continent, there is need for the right information on its prevalence, transmission patterns, vaccination rates and treatment efficacy. Credit: Shutterstock

By Isatou Touray
Nov 28 2024 (IPS)

Rabies, despite being a major public health concern in Africa, is still not fully understood, due to the limited data available on it. This has slowed down efforts to eliminate it, yet the continent bears a significant burden of the disease and accounts for most of the deaths it causes globally.

With the exception of only a handful of countries, the continent generally has poor and incomplete data on this disease that results from bites or scratches by an infected dog. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), the disease is responsible for an estimated 59,000 deaths in the world every year, out of which 95 per cent are in Africa and Asia.

All this arsenal against the disease has largely been rendered ineffective by the absence of complete, reliable, high-quality data that could inform effective decision making and proper management. Without the full picture that only data can paint, decision makers cannot see the true scale and impact of the disease is unclear

Even in cases that are not fatal, rabies, like other Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) – a group of 20 diseases that debilitate, disfigure and can kill – robs individuals of good health, dignity and livelihood.

Rabies, in particular, causes progressive and potentially fatal inflammation of the brain and spinal cord that make up the central nervous system. It often leads to death once the virus infects the central nervous system and the symptoms appear, underlining the urgent need for prompt treatment.

The good news is that the knowledge and tools for tackling rabies, which is one of the oldest human diseases, are well known, proven and available. Vaccines and antibodies that can save lives in case of infection exist, as well as dog vaccines to keep the virus at bay.

The bad news, however, is that all this arsenal against the disease has largely been rendered ineffective by the absence of complete, reliable, high-quality data that could inform effective decision making and proper management. Without the full picture that only data can paint, decision makers cannot see the true scale and impact of the disease is unclear.

To effectively eliminate rabies in the continent, there is need for the right information on its prevalence, transmission patterns, vaccination rates and treatment efficacy. Armed with this, it becomes easier to identify infection hotspots, monitor and evaluate interventions and deploy equitable responses.

Better appreciation of the disease will help trigger action by governments, funders and other actors in securing resources and mobilising action to relieve needless suffering and decrease health-related drivers of poverty.

Ultimately, this will help the continent inch towards attaining Sustainable Development Goal 3.3 that targets a 90 per cent reduction in the number of people who need NTD intervention.

Over the last decade progress has been made against NTDs, leading to 600 million fewer people requiring NTD intervention between 2010 and 2020, which has been attributed to strengthening domestic and international commitment.

There is a greater opportunity to accelerate this progress further by focusing the fight against rabies. Without this crucial data, efforts against the disease will remain piecemeal, reactive, unfocused and inefficient.

This will leave individuals suffering and could sometimes lead to preventable deaths. The WHO estimates the global cost of rabies to be about US$8.6 billion annually, arising from lost lives and livelihoods, medical care and associated costs, as well as uncalculated psychological trauma.

Absence of proper data also makes it more difficult to mobilise national and international resources for control, elimination and eradication of the disease.

Significant and sustainable resources are required to avail vaccines to at high-risk individuals and emergency treatment to communities that cannot afford them. Also critical in the fight is mass vaccination of dogs that has been found to be effective in controlling rabies, as well as public awareness and education campaigns on preventing bites and what to do when bitten or scratched.

All this begins with quality data and robust data systems. This is the compass in the fight against rabies and other NTDs in Africa. It is also a guide for elimination of the disease by identifying where to deploy vaccines, provide treatment and rollout requisite infrastructure.

It is worth highlighting that Kikundi, a community of practice for NTD Program Managers in Africa, is well positioned to strengthen the efforts to enhance data quality and build robust systems, ultimately supporting countries in their fight against rabies.

As highlighted in the theme of this year’s World Rabies Day – ‘Breaking rabies boundaries’, it is time to disrupt the status quo by improving our understanding of this disease. No one in Africa should continue suffering and dying from preventable and treatable diseases like rabies.

 

Dr Isatou Touray, a former Vice-President of the Republic of the Gambia, is the interim Executive Director of Uniting to Combat Neglected Tropical Diseases.

Salvadoran farmer Damian Cordoba looks at the trunk of what was once a fire tree, one of many that have been felled to make way for solar panels to be installed on a farm in western El Salvador by Volcano Energy to provide cheap energy for bitcoin mining. Credit: Edgardo Ayala / IPS

By Edgardo Ayala
IZALCO, El Salvador, Nov 28 2024 (IPS)

With machete in hand, Salvadoran farmer Damián Córdoba weeds the undergrowth covering the trunk of what was once a leafy tree to show the deforestation taking place on the Santa Adelaida farm, where a company seeks to install a solar park in western El Salvador.

“The people hired by the company... said they were going to cut down some trees to plant coffee and fruit trees, but that was a lie, because later they revealed they were for solar panels”: Damián Córdoba.
The 115-hectare farm intersects with the territories of several hamlets, whose approximately 10,000 families will be affected by the deforestation required to install the photovoltaic power station, which is being built by Volcano Energy, a private initiative whose trading company is named Hashpower Energy Solutions.

The recently formed Volcano Energy wants to generate cheap electricity that will be used to mine bitcoins, taking advantage of the enthusiasm the government of El Salvador continues to show for this cryptocurrency, legal tender in this Central American nation since September 2021.

“The people hired by the company to cut down the trees said they were going to cut down some to plant coffee and fruit trees, but that was a lie, because later they revealed they were for solar panels,” Córdoba told IPS, as he continued to cut down the undergrowth covering the trunk of what was once a fire tree (Delonix regia), more than a metre in diameter.

Córdoba is a native of the Chorro Arriba canton, one of the three peasant communities that will be most affected by the photovoltaic project, along with Cuntán and Cuyagualo, all three of which belong to the Izalco district.

Arístides Ramón Munto and his mother Macaria Rufina Munto oppose the installation of a photovoltaic plant in their area, near Izalco, El Salvador. Credit: Edgardo Ayala / IPS

Forced displacement

Most of these families live on plots of land they own, bordering the Santa Adelaida estate, but their ancestors settled there as labourers or settlers decades ago, with the permission of the landowners, in exchange for work on agricultural tasks for a meagre wage.

Over time, the descendants managed to buy the plots and thus have their own place to live.

However, there are 13 families still living on the Santa Adelaida farm as settlers who are about to be evicted from the property, villagers said. IPS saw how the cottage of one of these workers had already been demolished.

“This logging carried out by Volcano Energy is the final blow, the death blow to the farm,” said Córdoba, referring to prolonged process of indiscriminate logging the estate has been subject to since it was bought some 25 years ago by a member of the Saca family, one of the most prominent in the country.

This family includes former Salvadoran president Elías Antonio Saca (2004-2009), who since 2018 has been serving a 10-year prison sentence for corruption.

The Santa Adelaida farm in western El Salvador has suffered from indiscriminate logging for more than two decades. This will continue so that a solar farm can be installed on the property to supply energy to a bitcoin farm. Credit: Edgardo Ayala / IPS

The farm was reportedly sold months ago to Volcano Energy, although details of the transaction are unknown, said residents of the hamlets.

This new wave of deforestation, to set up the solar park, began in January, said Córdoba, as he continues to walk through the undergrowth of the cleared land, except for a dozen timber trees, still standing but marked with light blue dots, confirming that they will be felled.

Some of the 115 hectares of the estate has already been felled, at the hands of the former owner, the Saca family. But the solar project has begun to clear what is still standing, and is looking to acquire more property, say villagers, who estimate 350 hectares could be affected in all.

In June, the solar project was announced by company representatives at a general meeting with residents, said Córdoba, 40.

He added that at the meeting Volcano Energy officials did not confirm the project would be for mining bitcoins, but rather “for data processing”, although in reality mining bitcoins is just that: the execution of highly complex mathematical operations that must be solved by powerful computers to “find” or validate a bitcoin in this ecosystem.

On its website, Volcano Energy presents itself as “a renewable energy and bitcoin mining company propelling El Salvador toward energy independence and financial sovereignty”, whose mission is “to lead the sustainable bitcoin revolution in El Salvador”.

In many parts of the Santa Adelaida estate, trees are marked with light blue paint, a clear sign that they will soon be felled. Credit: Edgardo Ayala / IPS

Social and environmental impact

Farming families in the area told IPS they will be affected by the environmental impact of cutting down the few remaining areas of trees on the property, especially because of the potential water shortages it will cause.

“We all know that the fewer trees we have, the less water there will be,” farmer Arístides Ramón Munto, 70, told IPS, sitting inside his house, shirtless, to get a breath of fresh air.

Then the farmer put on a shirt to pose for an IPS photograph with his mother, Macaria Rufina Munto, 85, who was preparing the wood-burning cooker to “throw” corn tortillas (flat, round breads) on a circular clay griddle, called comal in Central America.

“We don’t want them to throw away the sticks (trees), because where will the wild animals live?” the mother wondered, waiting for the comal to heat up to make the tortillas.

The arrival of Vocano Energy on the Santa Adelaida farm has led to the forced displacement of some peasant families who lived there as tenants or permanent workers and whose houses have been demolished. Credit: Edgardo Ayala / IPS

On 22 August, a group of villagers wrote a letter to the Minister of Environment and Natural Resources, Fernando López, warning they were “full of concern about the environmental problems that are looming in our community” due to the imminent arrival of the solar project.

The project “will hinder the connectivity of the ecosystem, especially for species of wild mammals in a delicate state of conservation, such as agouti, lowland paca, panther and margay”, among others.

The inhabitants also reminded the minister the area is a harvesting and exploitation zone for water for human use, and it feeds the Cuntán river, which at one point has a small dam that supplies water to the port city of Acajutla, to the south.

The signatories of the letter reminded the minister that the area is part of the Apaneca Ilamatepec mountain range, an extension of 59,000 hectares of forest and coffee plantations, certified as a biosphere reserve by Unesco in 2007, and as such, business initiatives should not be allowed there, especially if they involve cutting down trees.

On 24 October, those affected sent a formal complaint to the General Board of Forestry, Watershed and Irrigation Management of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock. In accordance with article 152 of the Law of Administrative Procedures, they requested that precautionary measures be taken, i.e., that the project be suspended while an environmental court resolves the case.

The Salvadoran government is betting on electricity generation from clean sources, such as solar, to inject cheap energy into a bitcoin mining farm in which it is participating under a public-private partnership model. Credit: Edgardo Ayala / IPS

Cheap electricity for bitcoiners

The socio-environmental conflict at the Santa Adelaida farm has emerged within the context of the Salvadoran government’s serious commitment to clean energy, not only because of its interest in lowering electricity costs.

Clean energy is also being encouraged by what seems to be an obsession with bitcoins by the Salvadoran president, the neo-populist and right-wing Nayib Bukele, in power since 2019 and who, since 2021, has been promoting one of his most unusual projects: the first farm to mine this crypto-asset in the country.

It is known that the mining process uses a huge amount of electricity to operate the computer network, and the cheaper it is, the lower the operating costs of the farms. Hence the interest in finding energy at low-cost.

In May, Diario El Salvador daily, funded by the Salvadoran government, reported that Bukele’s effort had paid off, as some 473 bitcoins had been mined from the farm installed at the Berlin geothermal power plant, a state-owned plant located in the eastern department of Usulután.

These crypto assets represent some US$44 million, at bitcoin’s current price of US$93,236 per unit.

This initial effort has apparently led to Volcano Energy, founded by Max Keiser, President Bukele’s advisor on bitcoin, and US-based Luxor Technologies, which are said to have formed Hashpower Energy Solutions, although everything is shrouded in government secrecy.

Some 10,000 people living in three rural communities in western El Salvador will probably be affected by environmental damage caused by deforestation from the imminent installation of a solar park. Credit: Edgardo Ayala / IPS

The Berlin plant is supposed to have 300 computer systems already in place to solve the intricate mathematical operations involved in finding bitcoins, but the independent press has not had access to the facility to verify this.

Although it is not clear how, due to official secrecy, the Salvadoran government is also linked to Volcano Energy, offering it all the conditions to set up and operate its solar project in the country, using the clean and cheap energy that the company intends to obtain from various sources, including the solar power station it wants to set up on the Santa Adelaida estate.

In return, in this sort of public-private partnership, the Salvadoran government will receive 23% of the total income of Volcano Energy, which plans to start operations in 2025, said Josué López, the company’s general manager, to Diario El Salvador in April.

Lopez said that, at first, the farm will run on solar and wind power, generating around 130 megawatts in all, but that in the medium term they will build their own geothermal station. Although he did not say it, it is understood they will use the state-owned infrastructure of the geothermal plant in Berlin.

Meanwhile, on 15 October, the foreign investment office for El Salvador announced that the Salvadoran government has approved 21 new photovoltaic projects.

These new initiatives join the more than 250 solar projects already operating in the country, according to Oscar Funes, vice-president of the Salvadoran Association of Renewable Energies, formed by companies working in the sector.

Funes told IPS that Volcano Energy does not belong to the association and that, although he has been working in the energy sector for three decades, he only found out about Hashpower Energy Solutions, the company understood to be behind it, when the media reported on the conflict at the Santa Adelaida farm.

When Córdoba, the farmer who walks the cleared plots, machete in hand, read the news on the internet about the 21 new solar projects approved, he said: “That’s probably why they are interested in grabbing more property here, close to our communities”.