Diplomacy & Crisis News

En complément de la carte publiée dans l'édition de septembre, cette version interactive permet d'accéder à une série de données supplémentaires : spécialités médicales, démographie, origine des diplômes… Le manque de médecins dans de nombreuses communes françaises résulte d'un recrutement trop restreint et (...) / France, Démographie, Protection sociale, Santé, Travail, Ville, Médecine - Santé

Europe faces a string of political and financial events that may lead to further instability in a region already battered by the effects of multiple crises.

A lack of European tools, scarcity of national resources and the illusory but satisfying ability to treat the symptoms of an obscure disease, have distracted European political elites from a fundamental diagnosis of the shared roots of the many crises that have befallen them in the last seven years. Frustration and disenchantment have fueled the spread of radical anti-establishment parties advocating potentially destabilising populist policies. If the present political class wants to remain relevant, they need to decide whether to leap forward towards further European integration or completely reverse the course set after WWII.  Several events across may occur in European countries in the next 9 months and these will probably result in more of the electorate slipping away from established elites.

Austria to repeat tense presidential vote

Austria was scheduled to re-run the second turn of its presidential election on October 2nd  (it has now been delayed to until at least December due to ballot irregularities). The election pits pro-Europe Green party candidate Alexander Van der Bellen in a close race against the Eurosceptic anti-immigration Free Party of Austria’s (FPO) Norbert Hofer. May’s result, which saw the establishment’s Van der Bellen narrowly defeat right-winger Hofer, was annulled on July 1st by the Austrian Constitutional Court on account of substantial electoral irregularities. Recent polls suggest that the intervening period did nothing to clarify voter preference and the race remains tight.

Should he win, Hofer has stated that he would veto the TTIP between the EU and the USA and that he may join the Austrian chancellor at EU Council meetings. The latter could be disruptive given the opposing political affiliations of these Austrian representatives.

Italian PM’s constitutional gamble

In November, Italy will hold a referendum on a proposed constitutional reform. Following the January 2016 referendum announcement, Prime-Minister Matteo Renzi leveraged his personal popularity by staking his political career and the survival of his government on the vote. However, the No-camp has been gaining ground since the beginning of the campaign in April, matching the gains of the anti-establishment 5-star movement at municipal elections in June.

Dutch election poised to give Wilders a plurality of votes

On 15 March 2017 the Netherlands will hold its next parliamentary election. For the first time since its foundation, the anti-Islam and Eurosceptic Party of Freedom (PVV) of the polemic Geert Wilders is leading in the polls. Estimates from voter surveys have given the PVV a plurality of the vote since September 2015 in response to the refugee crisis. Despite his confidence, the rise of Wilders to the premiership remains undermined by the unwillingness of other parties to join him in a coalition. Nevertheless, his victory may complicate political alliances and destabilise the political process, while giving Mr Wilders a bigger podium from which to advocate a radical agenda that includes a Dutch exit from the EU.

Terrorism in France casts shadow over presidential election

A month after the Dutch election, France will choose a new president in a two-round election on 23 April and 7 May 2017. Incumbent Socialist president Francois Hollande enjoys a record low 15% approval rating by the French electorate, making him very unlikely to gain the support in the first round necessary to be on the ballot in May.

Headlines have been captured by the rising popularity of Eurosceptic Front National leader Marine Le Pen whose support was not hurt by the sequence of attacks on Charlie Hebdo, the Bataclan theater and thePromenade des Anglais in Nice. On the right, Les Republicains could run either ex-president Nicholas Sarkozy or Alain Juppé, the mayor of Bordeaux and one-time Prime Minister of Jacques Chirac between 1995 and 1997.  Both may be able to beat Le Pen on the second-round election. On the left, prime-minister Manuel Valls and Emmanuel Macron, the outgoing economy minister, are the only potential alternatives tothe unpopular president, but it is unclear if they could defeat Le Pen.

Spanish deadlock could trigger Christmas election

Since the election in December 2015 and notwithstanding the results of another election less than 3 months ago, Spain remains in a political deadlock caused by the rise of the left-wing Podemos and the centre-right Ciudadanos parties.

Last month’s failure by Mariano Rajoy, leader of the centre-right Popular Party (PP), to gain the support of parliament to form a government has alerted Parliamentarians to the fact a third failed attempt by the end of October could lead to an election on Christmas Day 2016. This could facilitate a decrease in voter turnout, which could favour the PP. However, if this fails, the backlash from other parties could be such as to further polarise parties and extend the political deadlock.

Greek bailout saga has no end in sight

Greece’s inability to shed the instability triggered by the 2010 debt crisis creates a rich minefield of liquidity deadlines. The last bailout (the third since 2010), worth €86 billion was agreed on 16 August 2015. Of this total, €28.9 billion have been disbursed in increasingly smaller tranches during the last year. The latest disbursement, worth €7.5 billion, was provided in June 2016. However, another promised €2.8 billion necessary to pay two €1.4 billion short term government bills scheduled to mature on 7 October and on 4 November will only be disbursed if further reform targets are reached. The viability of long term international support will be tested again before the end of the year, when the deadline for an agreementon the debt haircuts that IMF demands Euro-Zone creditors accept as a pre-condition for its participation in any future Greek bailout expires. Without such relief, the saga is likely to continue with the country facing another €10 billion in maturing debt during 2017.

Conclusion – sleep-walking towards some paradigm shift

None of the above events is likely to bring the European project tumbling down in the next nine months. Indeed, none of them is likely to result in a complete overhaul of the status quo. But in nine months’ time the political landscape will have become more hostile to mainstream parties, with mounting political deadlock probably matched by increased financial flight to safe haven.

This article was originally published by Global Risk Insights and written by GRI analyst Filipe Albuquerque.

The post Six Events that Will Shape Europe in the Next 9 Months appeared first on Foreign Policy Blogs.

The Philippines is the latest U.S. treaty ally that has shown a proclivity for a more independent role for itself in the realm of international relations. This follows a trend in which Turkey has reconciled, to an extent, relations with Russia, as well as more independence shown by Japan in its own Russian affairs. The Philippines itself is not only showing its own independence with respect to Russian relations, but to Chinese relations as well.

Macro-balancing

On the macro level, ASEAN as a whole has seen its role as fulcrum to the region rise exponentially. Once derided as a “talk shop”, ASEAN itself is at the epicenter of various competing “pivots” to the region. For example, despite its own conflict with China in the East China Sea, Japan is gradually forging its own pivot to the South China Sea as well in order to better balance its historic rival.

Aside from Japan, Russia and India are also implementing their own respective “pivots” to Southeast Asia for their own respective agendas. India, still suspicious of being navally encircled by China a la “String of Pearls”, is looking to gradually increase its South China Sea forward presence. Although not technically allies, this no doubt pleases the U.S., which is really looking for other major powers to assist its own balance against China.

Russia’s game in Southeast Asia is bit more complicated. Russia’s “Asian Pivot” serves multiple purposes. First, it aims to offset decreased Western trade and investment flows due to post-Ukraine sanctions with increased economic ties to China. However, in order not to become too dependent on China, economically or politically, Russia is looking to bolster its “pivot” portfolio.

As a result, Russia is seeking to improve ties with a range of regional players, not only Japan, but Southeast Asian states Vietnam, and now the Philippines. Additionally, Russia is looking to counterbalance U.S. activities in its Eastern European and Central Asian spheres of influence with a payback of sorts with activities of its own in the U.S.’ Northeast and Southeast Asian spheres of influence.

Micro-balancing

Despite recent controversial statements by its new President, the Philippines still looks to the U.S. as a vital plank in its overall security calculus. However, it is not the only plank. Most notably, the Philippines is looking to gradually improve relations with China.

This overture towards China comes despite the recent unfavorable ruling against China by The Hague’s Permanent Court of Arbitration regarding conflicting South China Sea claims. Even though the Philippines originally initiated the case, it has chosen to take a rather mature path. This is because the Philippines is using the ruling as the start of negotiations with China, rather than as a final end.

Mirroring recent Chinese comments that South China Sea disputes form only one component of U.S.-China affairs and should not be allowed to poison the entire relationship, the Philippines has made the same argument with respect to Sino-Philippine relations. The Philippines also hopes this multi-vector foreign policy approach will give it more independence and increased leverage with both the U.S. and China in order to pursue its own interests.

In contrast to China, Russia has only relatively recently sought to improve economic relations in earnest with Southeast Asia as a whole. As the Philippines already is a member of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and is eyeing possible TPP membership in the future, Russia’s more immediate value proposition to the Philippines lies in the political and security realms.

From the Filipino perspective, it is greatly appreciated that Russia has expressed neutrality in the Philippines’ South China Sea conflict with China. Even though Russia and China have recently warmed relations considerably, they still are not formal treaty allies. This fact not only keeps the Philippines from worrying about Russian support for Chinese claims in the region, but it also gives the Philippines enhanced leverage with both China and the U.S..

This second fact is not to be taken lightly. Even though the Philippines has a 2014 Visiting Forces Agreement with the U.S., the agreement is not without controversy and the new Filipino President has promised to review it. Even though the original idea behind the agreement was to allow the Philippines to better balance China with U.S. assistance, a Russian component is unavoidable.

While it may also secretly see increased regional U.S. forces as a deterrent to Chinese ambitions, Russia’s comfort level with this presence is definitely lower than the Philippines’. Just as the Philippines is using the agreement to keep China in check, it is simultaneously using its own unease (and Russia’s too) with the agreement to help keep the U.S. in check as well. In summary, increasing multi-polarity is allowing the Philippines more wiggle room in its dealing with all major powers, akin to non-U.S. allies India and Vietnam.

The post The Philippines’ Improved Russian and Chinese Ties Increase Leverage with U.S. appeared first on Foreign Policy Blogs.

La rédaction a le plaisir de vous offrir un second article du numéro d’automne 2016 de Politique étrangère : « Europe : Back to the Future », écrit par Guy Verhofstadt.

« Sans galvauder le mot, on peut affirmer que le référendum britannique du 23 juin dernier est un événement historique dont l’onde de choc se fera longtemps sentir. L’effet de sidération devra pourtant bien s’arrêter un jour pour voir la réalité en face : le Brexit a eu lieu et le Royaume-Uni va sortir à moyen terme de l’UE. Une issue logique après 43 ans d’un mariage raté entre la perfide Albion et le continent ? Après tout, n’avait-on pas consenti à David Cameron divers arrangements destinés à rassurer les Britanniques, déjà gavés de dérogations en tout genre, afin qu’ils votent Remain, comme une limitation des prestations sociales aux ressortissants de l’UE, jugés envahissants, et la préservation des intérêts financiers de la City ? Et ils ont quand même mal voté, ces ingrats d’Anglais !

Ce serait une explication simple et rassurante. En vérité, qui peut dire ce que donnerait un référendum en France sur l’appartenance à l’UE ? Lors du dernier exercice similaire, en 2005, sur la Constitution européenne, plusieurs lignes rouges avaient aussi été respectées : confirmation de l’« exception culturelle », pérennité du financement d’État des services publics, maintien de la PAC… On avait même vidé de sa substance la fameuse directrice Bolkestein sur la libéralisation des services, qui était alors en négociation, pour éviter d’agiter la peur du « plombier polonais ». On connaît le résultat.

Ainsi donc, rien n’y ferait : les peuples européens sont contre l’Europe. Alors autant fermer tout de suite les institutions et dissoudre le Parlement européen, plutôt que de perdre notre temps et l’argent du contribuable, comme disent les populistes et les europhobes. Moi, je ne suis pas d’accord. Je ne crois pas que les peuples européens soient contre l’Europe. Mais ce n’est pas en les appâtant avec des gadgets politiques avant une élection cruciale qu’on les intéressera à l’Europe. C’est en œuvrant à montrer sa nécessité. Or depuis 2008, l’Europe affronte une série de crises toutes plus graves les unes que les autres, sans que l’UE apparaisse utile pour les résoudre.

Une vingtaine de sommets « de la dernière chance » pour « sauver la Grèce » a accouché de trois plans d’aide successifs, dont les seuls résultats ont été d’appauvrir et d’endetter davantage les Grecs. Le comble étant qu’aujourd’hui l’avenir de la Grèce dans la zone euro n’est toujours pas assuré. Quant à la crise financière, l’Union bancaire qui devait y répondre est restée au milieu du gué, au moment où les banques sont fragilisées par le Brexit. Enfin, une guerre à nos portes, face à laquelle nous sommes désarmés diplomatiquement et militairement, a provoqué le départ de millions de réfugiés. La réponse a été d’ouvrir les frontières sans contrôle, puis de les fermer sans discernement, avant de sous-traiter le problème à la Turquie. Procrastination et incohérence sont les deux mamelles de la gouvernance européenne.

Repli sur le pré carré national

J’avais pris position avant le référendum, annonçant que Brexit ou non, il faudrait que l’Europe se réforme au lendemain du scrutin. Aujourd’hui, cette urgence apparaît criante. Sans attendre que la gentry dilettante qui règne à Londres nous notifie son départ, il est temps d’affronter ce débat en face et sans tabou. Le projet européen initial s’est peu à peu dissous dans une machinerie administrative et juridique rebutante, dans laquelle personne ne se retrouve, à part les initiés bruxellois. Peu nombreux sont ceux, ces derniers temps, qui assument l’Europe telle qu’elle est.

Pour ma part, j’ai réalisé la faillite de notre projet voilà plus de 15 ans lorsque j’ai siégé pour la première fois comme Premier ministre et même présidé le Conseil européen. Et je ne cesse depuis de plaider en faveur de changements profonds. Le tournant est intervenu en mars 2003, avec un seul sujet d’actualité : la prochaine guerre en Irak. L’Europe est alors divisée. Un grand classique. Le 16 mars, José-Manuel Barroso, alors Premier ministre portugais, convie aux Açores Georges W. Bush pour une réunion avec ses homologues britannique et espagnol Tony Blair et José-Manuel Aznar. Au Conseil européen des 22 et 23 mars, je demande à ce qu’on ait une discussion politique sur cette question. Elle durera une minute, le temps que le président français Jacques Chirac dise : « Hey Tony, ce n’est pas la peine d’en discuter, on n’est pas d’accord, non ? », et que le Premier ministre Tony Blair réponde : « Tu as raison. On n’est pas d’accord. » Voilà. C’était fini.

Quand on sait combien l’Europe paye encore au prix du sang les conséquences de ce conflit, je reste persuadé que j’avais mis le doigt sur « le » problème de l’UE : ses institutions ne font pas de politique. Et c’est la principale raison pour laquelle les citoyens, inquiets à juste titre par les désordres de la planète, s’en détournent et se replient sur leur pré carré national qui apparaît plus concret et protecteur.

Le problème de l’UE : ses institutions ne font pas de politique

La coopération intergouvernementale, concept diplomatique d’après-guerre qui constitue notre socle institutionnel, a trouvé la plénitude de son fonctionnement avec la Communauté économique européenne. Le champ était étroit : parvenir à créer un espace de libre circulation des marchandises. L’Acte unique a mâtiné cette coopération d’un peu de démocratie, en introduisant la codécision avec un Parlement européen jusqu’alors seulement consulté, et le vote à la majorité qualifiée au Conseil. C’est ainsi qu’on a pu bâtir en quelques années un marché intérieur normalisé, le plus grand et le plus ouvert du monde pour les produits, les services et les capitaux.

Pour la libre-circulation des personnes, ce fut déjà plus compliqué. Pendant quelques années, les États ont conservé la gestion de l’espace Schengen, avant de consentir à le communautariser avec le Traité d’Amsterdam au début des années 2000. Mais cette avancée demeure fragile, ainsi que l’a révélé la crise des réfugiés durant laquelle les frontières nationales se sont fermées les unes après les autres, tandis que les populistes réclamaient, et réclament toujours, la renationalisation des frontières intérieures, et que les États membres tergiversent pour créer un corps de gardes-frontières européens destiné à sécuriser nos frontières extérieures. La libre-circulation à travers notre immense et magnifique territoire est pourtant le principal acquis populaire de l’Europe, un bénéfice dont tous nos citoyens conviennent, comme on le voit désormais avec cette ruée de ressortissants Britanniques cherchant à obtenir un passeport de l’UE par crainte de perdre ce sésame, symbole de liberté. […] »

Lire la suite en intégralité sur Cairn.info.

Accéder au sommaire complet sur www.ifri.org.

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